Book Summary for Siddhartha

Book Summary for Siddhartha Siddhartha is a novel by German creator Hermann Hesse. It was first distributed in 1921. Distribution in the United States happened in 1951 by New Directions Publishing of New York. Setting The tale Siddhartha is set in the Indian Subcontinent (Islands off the southeastern tip of the Indian peninsula), is frequently viewed as a piece of theâ subcontinent. during the hour of the Buddhas illumination and instructing. The period about which Hesse composes is between the fourth and fifth century BCE. Characters Siddhartha - the hero of the novel, Siddhartha is the child of a Brahmin (strict pioneer). Throughout the story, Siddhartha travels a long way from home looking for profound illumination. Govinda - Siddharthas closest companion, Govinda is likewise scanning for profound illumination. Govinda is a foil to Siddhartha as he seems to be, not normal for his companion, ready to acknowledge profound lessons undoubtedly. Kamala - a prostitute, Kamala goes about as the represetative to the material world, acquainting Siddhartha with the methods of the tissue. Vasudeva - the ferryman who sets Siddhartha on the genuine way to illumination. Plot for Siddhartha Siddhartha fixates on the otherworldly mission of its title character. Disappointed with the ceremonial strict childhood of his childhood, Siddhartha leaves his home with his partner Govinda to join a gathering of monks who have disavowed the delights of the world for strict reflection. Siddhartha stays unsatisfied and goes to an actual existence inverse to that of the Samanas. He grasps the delights of the material world and surrenders himself to these encounters. In the long run, he gets disappointed with the debauchery of this life and again meanders looking for profound completeness. His mission for illumination is at long last accomplished when he meets a basic ferryman and comes to comprehend the genuine idea of the world and himself. Questions Think about the accompanying while at the same time perusing the novel. 1. Inquiries regarding the character: What critical contrasts are there among Siddhartha and Govinda?Why does Siddhartha proceed to address and investigate various ways of thinking and thoughts regarding religion?Why does Siddhartha dismiss the lessons of the Buddha?In what way is Siddharthas child like his father?Explain the double job of the ferryman. 2. Inquiries concerning the subject: What job does the regular world play in the topical advancement of the novel?What is Hesse saying about the journey for enlightenment?How does the inner clash of Siddhartha add to the original topic of Man versus Himself?In what way does adore puzzle Siddhartha? Conceivable First Sentences In the same way as other incredible books, Siddhartha is the account of a person looking for answers about himself and his world.The thought of otherworldly edification is very complex.Siddhartha is a disclosure of Eastern religion and reasoning.

American Dream Lost

American Dream Lost It is the characteristic tendency of all men to dream. Some may have momentary objectives, and others may have deep rooted aspirations. Regardless of what pessimists state, the American individuals are confident and hanging tight for something incredible. In Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck paints a picture of characters who, aching for something outside of their dreary lives, each have a lost dream that bolsters Steinbecks see that the American dream is an act of futility. Lennies dream to tend to bunnies doesn't work out as expected due to his own insufficiencies and the impediments of society. As Lennie and George, Lennies buddy and defender, make a trip through the forested areas to their next farm hand work, George defies Lennie about keeping a dead mouse in his pocket and requests Lennie hand it over, Lennie hesitate[s], back[s] away, look[s] uncontrollably at the brush line as if he thought about running for his opportunity. George demands, The mouse aint new, Lennie; what's more, youve broke it pettin it, and helps Lennie to remember his previous history of executing mice, along these lines, at that point Lennie look[s] tragically up at him Id pet em, and quite soon they bit my fingers and I squeezed their heads a little and afterward they was dead' (9-10). Lennie, who has a fixation for delicate things, has the serious insufficiency that he doesn't understand his own quality. His fantasy to claim hares is critical to him since he needs somethin g to be liable for, however it is clear by his previous history of unpleasantness, and even his hesitance to hand the mouse over to George, that he is unreasonably wild for his fantasy to ever to work out as expected. In a discussion among Lennie and Curleys spouse, Curleys wife discloses to Lennie that she has delicate hair and that he may pet it, along these lines, Lennies enormous fingers tumbled to stroking her hair Lennie stated, Oh! That is decent, and he stroked more enthusiastically And then [Curleys wife] shouted out furiously, You stop it now, youll mess everything up. She jolted her head sideways and Lennies fingers shut on her hair and held tight. Give up, she cried. You let go!' (99). Lennie alarms, and, with an end goal to quiet her, shakes her so hard that he breaks her neck, demonstrating that he has definitely no poise. He doesn't quit petting Curleys wifes hair when she requests that he, even requests him to, halfway in light of the fact that he is excessively stup id, yet additionally on the grounds that he comes up short on the physical ability to control himself. In spite of the fact that Lennie is inalienably guiltless, his ineptitude and absence of discretion joined with his fixation on delicate things and his obscure quality, produce a destructive recipe. Tragically for Lennie, society doesn't comprehend his psychological impairment (prior in the book George makes reference to the way that Lennie was kicked in the head as a kid), and in light of the fact that he killed Curleys spouse, George must shoot him. Before George shoots him, Lennie requests that he recount their mutual dream so anyone might hear, We going to get a little spot, George started He came to in his side pocket and brought out [the gun] Look down there acrost the stream, similar to you can nearly observe the spot. Furthermore, George raised the weapon and steadied it, and he brought its gag near the rear of Lennies head He pulled the trigger (117). Lennies dream is his familiar object. His solitary proportion of the earnestness of his activities is the manner by which it will influence his fantasy, and in his last snapshots of life, he gets some information about it, despite everything is too innocent to even consider realizing that doubtlessly now it can never work out. After George pulls the trigger, Lennie passes on alongside the lost dream. For Lennie, the American dream is dead. Law breakers dream doesn't work out as expected for various reasons. A desolate man edgy for friendship, he has the desire to chip away at George and Lennies future ranch that will never become reality. When Lennie first enlightens Crooks regarding his and Georges intend to purchase a real estate parcel, Crooks responds, Youre nuts I seen many men stop by out and about an on the farms, with their bindles on their back a that equivalent [darn] thing in their minds A never a [darn] one of them ever gets it. Crookss example of cynicism and antagonism cuts him down, and he even endeavors to hose the expectations of everyone around him, identifying with Lennie that several men have gone through the farm, every one of them with dreams like Lennies, however not one of them, he accentuates angrily, ever figures out how to make that fantasy work out as expected. Nonetheless, when he hears a greater amount of the arrangement, he offers, If you all would need a hand to work to no end only his k eep, why Id come an assist (80, 84). An arrangement so brave and questionable requires its adherents to have total confidence. Evildoers, who never has confidence in the arrangement from the very beginning, has an incredible possibility of unexpectedly surrendering again. Hoodlums physical inability alongside his race will keep him from arriving at his fantasy. Steinbeck describes, Crooks, the Negro stable buck, had his bunk in the tackle room; a little shed that inclined off the mass of the horse shelter His body was twisted around to one side by his warped spine (73). Criminals isn't permitted in the bunkhouse with the white farm hands and stays in a constrained detached state. He needs a spot where he can be autonomous and have some security, yet there is no security for a dark man in a preferential world, in particular one with a screwy back. Ranch work requires quality and physical continuance, and however Crooks extends to do odd employment opportunities for George and Lennie, he would just wind up preventing them with his handicap. While Lennie, Candy, and Crooks fantasize about the land they want to have one day, Curleys spouse enters and makes endeavors to cause all to notice herself. At the point when Crooks advises her to leave, She turned on him in disdain. Tune in, Nigger You know what I can do to you on the off chance that you open your snare? Hooligans gazed miserably at her Yes maam.' Curleys spouse counters, Well, you keep your place at that point, Crooks had decreased himself to nothing. There was no character, no self image nothing to stimulate either like or aversion. He stated, Yes, maam, and his voice was toneless (88-89). The way that Crooks is dark concretes his destiny, and he understands this. The second Curleys spouse, who for a bigger scope really speaks to all general public, takes Crooks back to the real world and holds him down in his place, he loses the tad of expectation he had picked up and again turns out to be nothing. The A merican dream that everybody has equivalent chance to accomplish his objective through difficult work and assurance is dead to Crooks. Hooligans negativity, physical incapacity, and race keep him from arriving at his fantasy. Despite the fact that Curleys spouse, who strolls the farm as a seductress, is by all accounts cold and barbarous, she also has a lost dream. Ceaselessly all through the novel, Curleys spouse reminds people around her about the opportunity a man came through town and revealed to her that she could be a star. Another man disclosed to her that she was a characteristic and vowed to compose, yet the letter never came. She tells Lennie, I generally thought my ol woman took it. All things considered, I wasnt going to remain no spot where I couldnt waste time or make a big deal about myself So I wedded Curley. Met him out to the Riverside Dance Palace that equivalent night, (97). Curleys spouse is a poor chief since she doesn't thoroughly consider her activities. Rather than seeking after her fantasy by taking acting exercises or moving to Hollywood, she weds Curley that night she met him. Entering the marriage, she trusts it is a ways to get out, yet she just winds up stuck in Salinas, con siderably increasingly secured. In not giving Curleys spouse a name, Steinbeck makes Curleys wife a widespread character; she speaks to each lady. Curleys spouse has no close to home character; she is just related to her better half. A lady who doesn't have even a personality can never become showbiz royalty or even all alone. Afterward, in a similar horse shelter scene, Curleys spouse plays with Lennie and urges him to pet her hair. At the point when she advises him to stop, Lennie gets terrified and breaks her neck. Steinbeck depicts, Curleys spouse lay with a half-covering of yellow roughage. Also, the unpleasantness and the plannings and the discontent and the throb for consideration were totally gone from her face. She was pretty and basic, and her face was sweet and youthful, (101). Indeed, even before Curleys spouse kicks the bucket, she will undoubtedly stay in a similar condition as long as she can remember, always unable to make anything of herself. Just in Curleys wifes d emise does Steinbeck award her excellence, on the grounds that at exactly that point does she kicks the bucket does she recover her honesty. Her fantasy is lost everlastingly, and now without every one of her arrangements for the future she turns out to be completely human. Steinbeck appears to appear through her that even the most noticeably awful of us have our humankind. For Curleys spouse, the American dream to emerge from ones humble roots will never be a reality. Lennie, Crooks, and Curleys spouse all have lost dreams due to their very own insufficiencies and those general public powers on them. To them, the American dream is dead. Despite the fact that the loss of dreams is discouraging, all men should inevitably confront this brutal truth of life.

The Prince Essays (969 words) - Machiavellianism,

The Prince Overseeing nations and states appropriately has been a troublesome assignment from the start of time. In each nation there will be individuals to who are despondent also, will differ with your standard, making your framework come up short. Along these lines, century after century, individuals have attempted better approaches to make their governmental issues do the trick everybody's needs. In any case, the craft of legislative issues is a confused and testing issue that will consistently be should have been managed. There have been numerous manners by which individuals have lectured their thoughts on governmental issues, however none were better than those of Niccolo Machiavelli. Conceived in 1469, Niccolo was unyielding in making an ace plan for seizing and controlling force. He voiced these topics on the stuff to be a sovereign of a state in his wonderful book, The Prince. In his book numerous subjects were communicated so as to satisfy the job of a sovereign. These topics gone from human instinct to military power and above all excellence. Machavelli accepted that the state is the most elevated accomplishment of man and one should cherish the state more than his own spirit. Being the ideal ruler is obviously a troublesome errand, yet whenever done effectively, it tends to be fulfilling. Machiavelli additionally accepted that human instinct doesn't change. When all is said in done Machiavelli thought individuals were unreasonable, narrow minded, and deceptive individuals, who just consideration about themselves. In this way the administration must consider for man's actual nature and utilize his characteristics for its motivations. Machiavelli likewise clarified that a ruler who plans to be fruitful must be set up to do awful things when important. He should some of the time stroke, now and then hurt, some of the time excuse, and once in a while rebuff. This necessity must supersede every single good judgment, and when settling on the choice, the ruler must act decisively. Wavering would extend ?bogus insight?. Another, and presumably the most significant idea of political achievement is the possibility of temperance. Ideals implies quality, knowledge, and mental fortitude, the important characteristics of any individual. Machiavelli felt that the nature of prudence was found in a portion of the world's most significant pioneers; Moses, Cyrus, and Romulus to give some examples. Governments controlled by an individual relies on this pioneers temperance. Without it, the political achievement will disintegrate. Beside excellence there is fortune or destiny as we some of the time put it. Despite the fact that Machiavelli feels that the nature of temperance is important for a states achievement, possibility or karma likewise has an effect. He feels that in life regardless of how much insight and quality you have, there is a piece of life wherein you have nearly nothing or on the other hand no power over. Uprightness being an amazing quality, Machiavelli saw its latent capacity to assemble a guard against fortune. Be that as it may, fortune is conflicting and variable along these lines, you should treat it like a lady. Machiavelli states, and I quote, ?fortune is lady, and it is essential, on the off chance that you wish to ace her, to vanquish her forcibly?. His point is that when you experience fortune, you should move toward it forcefully. Machiavelli said that the ruler must have the option to copy both the lion and the fox. He is stating that the characteristics of a ruler must show the boldness and quality of a lion, yet in addition, the cleverness of the fox. These attributes are basic for another ruler particularly. That way he can get the regard from the individuals right away. A case of one ruler who demonstrated both the characteristics of a lion and a fox was Septimus Serverus, a Roman sovereign from 193-211 A.D. Another nature of a ruler ought to be that he is both adored and dreaded. In reality, it is nearly difficult to be both those, so it is smarter to be dreaded. Love can lose viability in view of human instinct. When something clashes, love can effectively be defeated for one's own private advantages. Furthermore, dread then again is kept up by the fear of discipline, which is consistently present. Machiavelli made it clear why it is smarter to be dreaded than cherished. Another nature of a ruler is that it is smarter to be viewed as kind than savage, however kindness must never be abused. Machiavelli proclaimed that the specialty of war was the subject of most significance to the ruler. A ruler can be assaulted in two different ways: inside, by connivances, and remotely, by foes. A ruler can guard himself from outer assaults by having great military and old buddies. He can guard himself from connivances by maintaining a strategic distance from disdain. Machiavelli likewise expressed that no ruler ought to incapacitate his subjects

Fun Persuasive Essay Topics For College Students

Fun Persuasive Essay Topics For College StudentsIf you are looking for ideas for your next persuasive essay, there are plenty of fun and interesting topics for college students to choose from. Although many students will choose something like the Bible, there are also many other things that are available.The best way to choose a good essay topic is to research different topics that will interest the student. After the assignment is finished, check to see what the student's opinion on it is. You should be able to answer this question with confidence, because you did your research. However, you will not get a perfect score if you do not take the time to write your own essay.Do not let someone else do all of the research for you. You should be able to identify your own interests as well as the interests of your student. Some examples of topics are religion, animals, politics, and current events. If you can identify these areas, then you have already begun to make a list of fun persuasiv e essay topics for college students.Religious topics for college students are always interesting because this is one of the oldest and most important areas in society. It is also a very personal topic that everyone has an opinion about. What is the average age for which one should become a member of a church? What is the proper position on homosexuality? These are all important questions that are discussed in your class.Many courses involve large amounts of statistics and numbers. Statistics can be the key to the success of any marketing campaign or even your career. Students love statistics, so they will love to write a persuasive essay about them.Human anatomy is another interesting topic for college students. This can involve answering the question of what is the age at which a child becomes an adult? This can also deal with the typical development of growth in different parts of the body. Your readers will enjoy the research that you put into this topic as well.There are many di fferent topics that may contain common political opinions. These topics often include the results of recent elections. Your students may become excited at the thought of learning about what happened in elections for various political parties. Your reader will get a full sense of the results of each election and will be interested in how it was won.Although these are not the only fun persuasive essay topics for college students, these are some of the most popular topics that are available. Do not let these topics intimidate you. Remember that when writing a persuasive essay, you are writing about someone else's opinion and you should be ready to prove that point. Just as you would not accept a college student's opinion about something as valid as a parent's opinion, you should not accept a college student's opinion as fact.

Finding an Editor Whos Right For You †By Stacey Dyer

Finding an Editor Whos Right For You †By Stacey Dyer Finding an editorial manager who is directly for you †by Stacey Dyer Look at all the freshest Reedsy examples of overcoming adversity right here!‘Punch Wedding Planning in the Face’ is the thing that we are advised to do by Stacey Dyer in one of the most amazing books to have been seen on Reedsy. We figured it is extraordinary to exhibit the principal sexually unbiased, LGBTQ-wedding arranging book ever known to man (that we are aware of!) made on our own one of a kind Reedsy stage. Stacey Dyer talks us through her considerations and encounters of working with one of our editors and how it carried a new point of view to her work and truly carry it to life.For writers new and encountered, an editorial manager assists with cleaning and shape your work into a last, shimmering bit of composed craftsmanship. New to distributing and chipping away at my first book, I hit a stopping point after a couple of rounds of self-altering. I knew it wasn’t prepared for the printed page however I didn’t realize how to improve it, at any rate without anyone else. Possibly it's a great opportunity to discover a proofreader... Be that as it may, how?Finding a proofreader on ReedsyThanks to Reedsy, I had the option to examine and browse their broad rundown of editors. While I didn’t recognize what the normal expense was, the amount to financial plan, or genuinely what to search for in a supervisor, I realized what made a difference most to me:Finding a proofreader who comprehended my baldfaced voice and wouldn’t attempt to disinfect itFinding an editorial manager who was happy with working with a sexually impartial, LGBT-accommodating bookFinding a supervisor who may have the option to epitomize an item director, helping me to apply the reason for the book all through each chapterThe best part about Reedsy’s citing process is the energized informing among sellers and writers. I requested an example go from the individuals who reacted to my inquiry and shared more about the vision of my book. From simply this smidgen of to and fro, I had the option to increase a feeling of how these editors may function with me. Rachel Small was one who grabbed my attention immediately. The best part about Reedsy is the energized informing among merchants and creators. At the point when Rachel and I began to talk about AstroWed, she got it, right away. There was vitality and a community nature to our trade that got me amped up for the eventual fate of the book. She was additionally snickering (significant for AstroWed!) and comprehended my voice just as my objectives. Rachel was in fact THE ONE.After that enthusiastic trade, she sent a statement for altering AstroWed in the entirety of its 27,000-word greatness. (The idea of requesting cites dependent on number of words was different to me. It’s my first time working with a supervisor and composing a book besides, yet Reedsy made it straightforward.) Our Editing ProcessWe did a fast Skype call to visit about the accompanying parts of the altering process:How Rachel likes to workHow I like to workHow do we assault this book together?Common turnaround times while conveying the chaptersHow numerous sections will/ought to get delivered?We chose completing two parts one after another and to let Chapters 1 and 2 sparkle a more splendid light on our procedure together.Three incredible strategies emerged:Rachel regularly offers the remark alright? to focus on a change she’s proposing (for the most part on the grounds that she’s changed the wording). I react to a significant number of these to give her additional setting around the topic and either acknowledge or recommend extra changes.I remark to these remarks and different inquiries/proposals all through the doc like it’s a visit room from 1998. This causes it to feel less like work and increasingly like collaboration!I send my adaptation back to her for additional discussion. Typically two or three larger inquiries or thoughts spring up and we substance them out to shape future chapters.But enough with the words! Here’s what our procedure resembles in action:Day one1 -  Upon first receipt, the docs resemble this: 2 -  Usually in the first part of the day, I take a first go to peruse all remarks, recommendations, and changes. I do this to likewise clear the messiness in the sidebar (it feels so overpowering from the outset!) since when things look like advancement, it as a rule implies it IS progress.3 -  I feature anything I have to write to, take a structure note of, or bite on for somewhat more 5 -  I close the doc and proceed onward to different things, permitting my inert brain to move around in the recommendations and undertakings in front of me.Day twoI react and keep in touch with all the proposals I can.If there’s anything that stumps me, I disregard it and tackle the things I can write to with ease.Day threeI location anything I couldn’t keep in touch with yesterday and simply summon up the guts to complete it. (Regularly it’s simply that I required a day to consider the undertaking in the rear of my psyche. These things come to me for the most part when I’m going to nod off, and consequently I end up with a ton of messages in my inbox from yours truly.)I turn off the â€Å"review view† and put myself in the reader’s shoes. I read through everything with open-minded perspectives, liberated from remarks and sidebar mess. In the wake of making a bunch of little changes, I hit spare and send the sections back on their happy me thod to Rachel, who adds them to the ace document.What’s left?To date, Rachel and I have finished our underlying passes on all the parts. Since AstroWed is the universe’s most kickass wedding arranging exercise manual, planned with a sexually unbiased space subject, the last strides toward distributing are no little feat!Now it’s time to toss on my artist and originator caps, trailed by Rachel taking one last go over the entire doc for clean, sentence structure, and word decision. This will come full circle into an epic pour of wine with Space-Odyssey-2001-like music out of sight as I apply her adjustments in the last plan doc, cause one last to edit pass, and afterward prep everything for KDP Print. No biggie though†¦ I got this...I trust this causes you and different creators out there, and, in any event, makes the way to distributing increasingly unmistakable. I didn’t recognize what's in store, yet I discovered Reedsy, and afterward Rachel, and a fterward this out of control 1998-talk enlivened strategy to keep an uplifting mentality on a boatload of work. I thought I was going insane towards the finish of my self-alters, however having a new peered toward outcast merits constantly and cash in the world.Bottom line: Whatever spurs you to prop the energy up, grasp it with a giant squeeze. Finding the correct manager for you is one of the most productive choices you’ll make in the excursion of composing. Finding the correct manager for you is one of the most productive choices you’ll make. How accomplish you work with your editorial manager? What keeps you inspired while experiencing the updates? Offer your encounters with us, or ask Stacey any inquiry, in the remarks beneath!

2018 Top 50 Undergraduate Professors Ray Jones, University of Pittsburgh (Pitt Business)

2018 Top 50 Undergraduate Professors: Ray Jones, University of Pittsburgh (Pitt Business) by: Andrea Carter on November 13, 2018 | 0 Comments Comments 444 Views November 13, 2018Ray JonesClinical Associate Professor of Business AdministrationUniversity of Pittsburgh, College of Business AdministrationNot once, not twice, but ten times Pitt Business’s Ray Jones has been voted by students as the best professor in all of the University of Pittsburgh. In case anyone’s wondering, this is indeed a school record. Continuing the tradition, Professor Jones recently received the Pitt Chancellor’s highest teaching honor. At the College of Business Administration, Professor Jones teaches introductory undergraduate courses in business ethics and organizational behavior as well as advanced undergraduate courses in gender and diversity in management and governance and management. Inside the classroom, he makes a profound impact on students of all business majors by challen ging them to consider the broader issues of ethics, social responsibility, and stakeholder management. He co-developed and leads the school’s Certificate Program in Leadership and Ethics (CPLE) and since 2004, CPLE students have contributed more than 16,000 hours of service-learning projects to more than 100 Pittsburgh-area organizations. Professor Jones holds a number of faculty advisor roles including university athletics’ Academy of Sports Marketing, a sports marketing internship program offered exclusively to business administration students.Education:  PhD, Business Environment, Ethics and Public Policy,  University of Pittsburgh – Katz School of BusinessAt current institution since: 1991List of courses you currently teach: Managerial Ethics, Organizational Behavior, Leadership and EthicsTwitter handle: I only read Twitter.   I like Facebook https://www.facebook.com/rayjonesinpittsburghWhat professional achievement are you most proud of? Professor Au drey Murrell and I are working our 16th class of students who are completing our Certificate Program in Leadership and Ethics (CPLE).â€Å"I knew I wanted to be a business school professor when†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I taught my first business ethics class with Professor Donna Wood in Pitt Business.   She and I did every lecture together and had fun debating our views on ethics and corporate social responsibility. Students had to come to class every day and pay attention because we would go back and forth for 75 minutes.â€Å"One word that describes my first time teaching†40% for attendance!?!?!   What were you thinking Jones!?!?!?!?!What are you currently researching and what is the most significant discovery youve made from it? In our ethics center (The David Berg Center for Ethics and Leadership), we have been doing a number of research projects related to hunger and food security in local communities.   This has led us to several projects related to an on campus food truck at Pitt. The truck just launched in August!What is your most memorable moment as a professor? I used to (arguably still do) look a lot like Tobey Maguire when he was starring in Spiderman.   One day in the middle of a 150+ student lecture, Spiderman (in full costume) suddenly appeared in my classroom and stormed down the aisle directly toward me.   I was actually ready to take a hit from him, but he suddenly stopped and then sprinted out the door. Amazingly (see what I did there?), I happened to be discussing decision-making under uncertainty at the time, so I then made several references to my reaction to Spiderman’s unexpected visit for the rest of class.Since you first started teaching, how has business education changed?  One thing I really enjoy about teaching younger students is how they understand and accept new technologies.   For example, we did a team project in my sophomore ethics and leadership class last spring on the ethics of Bitcoin with a middle-marke t investment bank in New York City.   While I helped form the client contact and the overall organization of the project, the sophomores on the team really drove all of the content related to Bitcoin, as they had a deep interest in it and eve n had some experience with trading cryptocurrencies.â€Å"If I weren’t a business school professor, I would be†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I would be a brand rep for Under Armour.   I’m essentially an unpaid brand rep for them now, since I always wear their gear. They could pay me in free gear and I would definitely come out ahead.â€Å"Here’s what I wish someone would’ve told me about being a professor†:   That almost sounds negative. It’s hard to focus on the negatives when you have a job like this that makes it challenging and fun to be at work every day.Name of the professor you most admire and why: I’m going to pass on this one. I have met too many great ones to single out just one.What do you enjo y most about teaching undergraduate business students?   The best thing about teaching undergraduate business students is that everyone in class is looking to apply what you’re talking about to leadership and management roles at work, in student organizations and on sports teams, etc.   Business students like to get out there and make things happen – personally and professionally, so it’s energizing to be up in front of them.What’s the biggest challenge?   The biggest challenge is to try and make a required course engaging and interesting.What is the most impressive thing one of your undergraduate students has done?   The project teams in our Certificate Program in Leadership and Ethics always put themselves out there on projects with real world clients.   We have done projects for a wide range of clients, from banks and real estate developers to the local animal shelter.What is the least favorite thing one has done?   The negative examples fa de away. It’s disappointing when someone is close minded and won’t work with their peers or consider an idea.   But – you have to keep going past this and not take it personally.Since you’ve been teaching, how have students changed over the years? As I mentioned before, it is enjoyable to work with students today because they are so open to new technology and trying new ways of doing things.What does a student need to do to get an A in your class?  You need to bring it every day and then bring it strong on Quiz #1, Quiz #2 and the Final Exam.â€Å"When it comes to grading, I think students would describe me as †¦Ã¢â‚¬  LOL – I have heard that students call me the â€Å"Ray-Minus† Get it!?If your teaching style/classroom experience had a theme song, what would it be?   My song is the Pittsburgh version of Lady GaGa’s â€Å"You and I† – which she recorded as part of her promotions for a summer tour a few years back.   I like to believe though that she is singing about me (â€Å"There’s something about my cool Pittsburgh guy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) in the Pittsburgh version.Using just one word, describe your favorite type of student:  Make it happen!Using just one word, describe your least favorite type of student: I skipped class today. Did we go over anything?â€Å"If my students can get out there and make it happen, then I’ve done my job as their professor.†Fun fact about yourself: I frequently teach class in the room where I took my PSAT exam in high school (i.e. I’m clearly a â€Å"Pittsburgh guy†)What are your hobbies? I play adult coed slowpitch softball, I coach 3rd/4th grade boys basketball at my old grade school and I am a genealogist and teach classes on genetic genealogy at our local library.How did you spend your summer? I come into the office nearly every day in the summer.   We do a lot of work in our Ethics center and then prepare for all o f the projects that we will work on with students over the next year.Favorite place to vacation: My living roomFavorite book:  Malcolm Gladwell’s The Tipping Point always comes to mindFavorite movie and/or television show: The Sopranos was my favorite television show, as I loved the characters.   I don’t like TV though. I mostly just watch sports on TV.Favorite type of music and/or favorite artist: I like many types of music, from Top 40 (soundtrack of life) to jazz and great standards.Bucket list item #1: I don’t have a bucket list.What’s the biggest challenge facing business education at the moment? I think we need to find ways to engage with students through high quality online content that has substantial interactions.   The technology is not quite there yet, but it is definitely in development.â€Å"If I had my way, the business school of the future would have much more of this†¦Ã¢â‚¬  opportunities for students to interact with real wor ld clients in course exercises and projectsâ€Å"And much less of this† requirements that force students to take on debt and inhibit them from pursuing their professional developmentLooking ahead 10 years from now, describe what â€Å"success† would be like for you:  In 10 years, I would like to remain current and relevant for students who are trying to pursue their personal and professional development in 2028. Page 1 of 11

Get the Scoop on Business Plan Before Youre Too Late

Get the Scoop on Business Plan Before You're Too Late Usually, a business program is longer than a list on a napkin (although, since you'll see below, it's possibleand sometimes idealto write your whole small business plan on a single page). Now you know the way to use a sample business plan that will help you compose a plan for your company, it's time to get the most suitable one. In a variety of ways, your small business plan is your map. Every business plan involves these components that are key aspects in earning your company plan fuller and more effective. Here's What I Know About Business Plan Your business plan should incorporate a summary of the types of advertising you want to shell out money on. Many ideas showcasing simple small business plans are seen on the webpage. You are able to visit our small small business encyclopedia to find out more about business plans or our FormNet region to find the essential forms to begin. At the peak of the webpage, right under y our company name, include a one-sentence summary of your business that sums up the essence of what you're doing. In order for virtually any business to be successful today, it should have a superior set of business strategies in place that have been developed and executed in the appropriate method. During its heart, a business program is simply a plan for how your company is going to work, and the way you're likely to make it succeed. Your small business program will be beneficial in a range of means. Contemplating that business plans serve many unique purposes, it's not surprising that they are available in many distinct forms. The Pain of Business Plan Your solution is the solution or service which you anticipate offering to your customers. The plan can help you examine the business, customers, competitors, opportunities and threats. The very first part of your promotion program will cover how you're positioning your organization and your products or services offering. ''.. . a fantastic business program can help make a great business credible, understandable, and attractive to someone who's unfamiliar with the business enterprise. An excellent small business plan template is able to help you get your thoughts organized. There is nothing more critical to a brand-new farm business than an excellent farm business program. Whether you're just beginning your small business or you're searching to acquire serious about a business you've run for quite a while now, you want a business program. Any individual wanting to begin a business are normally confronted with the dilemma of producing business program. There are more than a few reasons why your company may be uniquely qualified to be successful. If you know your company and are passionate about any of this, writing a business program and then leveraging your plan for growth will be not quite as challenging as you might think. Your executive summary should explain what your business does, wherever your business currently stands, where you need to take your company in 3 to 5 decades, and why you will be prosperous. Be certain to define provide a review of the way the company is owned too. As your company grows, you are going to probably find variations that ought to be incorporated into the business program. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Business Plan The format of a company plan depends upon its presentation context. Every business has some type of competition and it's crucial to deliver a synopsis in your executive summary. A business program isn't intended to be a static document. Your organization program must also have information regarding your planned organizational structure. Paradoxically, creating a business plan is one of the most essential steps toward making your company and establishing its credibility, yet many entrepreneurs appear to ignore researching how to develop one. A ll entrepreneurs have a vision of where they wish to select the company in the future if they're successful. As part of your advertising program, you may rely on working closely with a different company in a sort of partnership. Your business program isn't a static document, it's something that you should revisit and update as your organisation grows. Project plans, sometimes called project frameworks, describe the goals of a certain project. On the opposite end of the spectrum, a plan that's destined for the desk of a top venture capitalist is going to have high level of polish and will concentrate on the high-growth elements of the company and the experienced team that's going to deliver stunning outcomes.

Functional Skills for Special Education Students

Functional skills are those skills a student needs to live independently. An important goal of special education is for our students to gain as much independence and autonomy as possible, whether their disability is emotional, intellectual, physical, or a combination of two or more (multiple) disabilities. Skills are defined as functional as long as the outcome supports the students independence. For some students, those skills may be learning to feed themselves. For other students, it may be learning to use a bus and read a bus schedule. We can separate the functional skills as: Life SkillsFunctional Academic SkillsCommunity-Based Learning SkillsSocial Skills Life Skills The most basic of functional skills are those skills that we usually acquire in the first few years of life: walking, self-feeding, self-toileting, and making simple requests. Students with developmental disabilities, such as Autism Spectrum Disorders, and significant cognitive or multiple disabilities often need to have these skills taught through modeling, breaking them down, and the use of Applied Behavior Analysis. The teaching of life skills also requires that the teacher/practitioner complete appropriate task analyses in order to teach the specific skills. Functional Academic Skills Living independently requires some skills which are considered academic, even if they do not lead to higher education or the completion of a diploma. Those skills include: Math Skills  - The functional math skills include telling time, counting and using money, balancing a checkbook, measurement, and understanding volume. For higher functioning students, math skills will expand to include vocationally oriented skills, such as making change or following a schedule.Language Arts -  Reading begins as recognizing symbols, progressing to reading signs (stop, push), and moves on to reading directions. For many students with disabilities, they may need to have reading texts supported with audio recordings or adults reading. By learning to read a bus schedule, a sign in a bathroom, or directions, a student with disabilities gains independence. Community-Based Learning Skills The skills a student needs to succeed independently in the community often have to be taught in the community. These skills include using public transportation, shopping, making choices in restaurants, and crossing streets at crosswalks. Too often parents, with the desire to protect their disabled children, over-function for their children and unknowingly stand in the way of allowing their children to acquire the skills they need. Social Skills Social skills are usually modeled, but for many students with disabilities, they need to be carefully and consistently taught. In order to function in the community, students need to understand how to interact appropriately with different members of the community, not only family, peers, and teachers.

Wk2 worksheet com100 r3 nonverbal textual communication...

University of Phoenix Material Nonverbal, Interpersonal, and Textual Communication Worksheet Nonverbal communication plays an essential role in any conversation. Individuals who are aware of nonverbal actions during conversations can more effectively interpret what is being communicated. Part 1 Look at the interactions between the individuals in the following photos and interpret what you think is being expressed through nonverbal communication. Please describe the nonverbal cues that lead you to these interpretations. What is being said nonverbally by each person? In this non-verbal communication scenario, both individuals are showing emotion. The communication appears to be a disagreement. The woman appears to be trying to hold†¦show more content†¦2. What types of interpersonal communication are being displayed in the images? Why? Interpersonal communication involves quality, which makes the difference in the conversation. Interpersonal communication also occurs when we treat the other as a unique human being, which is being shown in image three during the interview process. I think it is also showing impersonal communication because the image is refereeing to the roles of each individual. The interview process could also involve interpersonal communication that involves mutual influence. The influence could be the interviewer persuading the interviewee of the positive benefits of taking the job being interviewed for. Image one is interpersonal communication that helps manage relationships. This interpersonal communication i s about the interaction and contribution to with stand a strong relationship. 3. Part 3 Textual communication, or content that is read or viewed, also plays a role in communicating with others. Textual information may gain deeper meaning when the text is spoken or viewed in a specific context versus when it is read. Read the following quotes and write a 50- to 100-word interpretation of what you think is being expressed. Support your responses. If you wish to include references, please format your responses consistent with APA guidelines. â€Å"Maybe all one can do is hope to end up with

French Government An Oligarchy Rather Than a Polyarchy Essay

The modern French government is a unique political entity like no other in history. In my research paper I aim to show that while Frances system of government appears democratic it is in actuality not. I plan to demonstrate it is more of an oligarchy than a polyarchy, polyarchy being fundamentally necessary for democracy. Drawing on research from conflict theorists I plan to show that France is not truly democratic. I plan to first draw a parallel between research on France as a pluralist state and Robert Dahls New Haven study by showing that France like New Haven appears to be a pluralist democracy. I then plan to show just as G. William Domhoff did with Dahls original study, that the same inequality in power exists in France as in New†¦show more content†¦Most of the democratic initiatives in France are spear headed by issue groups and pressure groups that are political in nature and not the type of organizations neo Tocquevillian Robert Putnam claims help create a strong democratic foundation. Putnams civil society of associations and fraternal organizations in the US focus on increasing social capital which leads to greater civic participation. These issue groups and pressure groups in France on the other hand are highly political, focused on well defined goals that are mutually beneficial to the interest of their members and often fade way after accomplishing their goals (Bell 2002:121-123). Putnams US examples while they did often championing political causes for their members, were also focused on creating a sense of familial cohesion amongst the members. That is not to say however that both forms of civic engagement dont create pluralist democracy through balance of power stemming from multiple power sources. In other words these pressure groups create the multiple power center necessary for polyarchy. Furthermore since a 1962 constitutional amendment, France has had a direct open democratic elections of leaders (Elgie and Griggs 2000:120). Th is allows for indirect influence from the apolitical stratum. It would seem to most observers France would fit into Robert Dahls definition of a pluralist democracy. You have multiple power centers competing and open elections for the

Analysis Of Seane Corn s Podcast - 986 Words

Brief Review Seane Corn’s podcast was two-fold: educational and invigorating. Hearing her talk about her journey to happiness is a true testimonial to naysayers who are having doubts about the positive effects of yoga. Corn’s journey to happiness, as she conveyed, was not an easy one. She had to clamber her way from an unsettled place as a child growing up in unstable home. She explained how her blue-collar working class parents raised her in an environment where religious practices were not present and how, as a little girl, she thought of herself as â€Å"uneducated.† She abused drugs and the tender age of 19 was diagnosed with â€Å"Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.† She even suffered from an anxiety disorder but these dark episodes of her life eventually led to healing and happiness once she discovered yoga. Body Prayer One of the big ideas in the Corne’s narrative that would be a foreign concept to many is â€Å"Body Prayer through yoga.† In a nutshell, Corne’s says one can use positions of one’s body as a way as an actively pray for others. For example, positioning your hands in an upward position during meditations could be a form of sending prayers God in the heavens. As I reflect on body prayer, I feel it would not be wise to guide school age children in body prayer but for me personally, I can see how impactful it could be in my life. I am a spiritual person who believes in the power prayer. I believe that God created all things, mind, body and soul, and these three areas could

Effect On Customer Satisfaction Loyalty †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: What Is The Effect On Customer Satisfaction Loyalty? Answer: Introducation The Toyota Car company had seen the advent of many other car companies and it has given rise to the competition among the car companies. According to Khan (2014), the marketing mix and service quality development would form the increment of the existing facilities to imply the development of the targeted market. The issues of the automobile sector had been deployed for the causing issues in the deployment of the issues for the modification of the existing facilities (Cantallops Salvi, 2014). Automobile sector requires the modification of the improvement strategies for the development of their sales and functions. The sector of automobile deployment would require the improvement strategies of the organization (Lovelock Patterson, 2015). The study of the marketing mix and service quality on the customer retention would allow the deployment of the effective process implication. Research Aims and Objectives The study had been done on the topic on Marketing Mix and Service Quality Effect on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty: Case Study of Toyota Cars. The Toyota is one of the most developed car manufacturing industries that focus on the quality of the cars they make. Accounting to Yarimoglu (2014), the study would critically evaluate the existing facilities and data collected for the analysis of the impact of the marketing mix and service quality for the development of the customer satisfaction for the Toyota. The aims of the study are, Evaluation of the operations is the first major aim of the study as it would help in getting required data for the development of the inference of analysis. Development of Shrewd ideas is another major aim for the study process and it would form the improved processing of the ideas and processes. The objectives of the project are, To evaluate the importance of the marketing mix and service quality for the customer satisfaction in the automobile industries To use the case study and operations of the Toyota for forming the analysis Methodology Literature Synopsis Marketing Mix can be defined as a set of marketing tools developed for the development of the organization to focus on the targeted market (Lee et al., 2014). The promotion of the products or services of the market is formed for the implication of the improved processes. The service quality is developed for the implication of the improved processes. The service quality would be implied for the development of the facilities to imply the effective communication (Mok, Sparks Kadampully, 2013). Customer Satisfaction is a function for the calculation of factor of how much the customers are happy with the existing facilities of the organization. Automobile sector is one of the most developing sectors of business organization and development (Fullerton, 2014). The smart development of the operations would have to be improved for the integration of the existing facilities. Data Accumulation Qualitative Data: The online surveys can also be used for the collection of the data from broader range of the audience (Aryee et al., 2016). The answers of the surveys would serve the purpose of the Qualitative data and its analysis would allow the ease of the inference development. Quantitative Data: The accumulation of the data can be done by forming the use of the reports and publically accessible data records (Solomon, 2014). The data accesses from the publically available data records would help in Quantitative data analysis by the help of the making graphs References Aryee, S., Walumbwa, F. O., Seidu, E. Y., Otaye, L. E. (2016). Developing and leveraging human capital resource to promote service quality: Testing a theory of performance.Journal of management,42(2), 480-499. Cantallops, A. S., Salvi, F. (2014). New consumer behavior: A review of research on eWOM and hotels.International Journal of Hospitality Management,36, 41-51. Fullerton, G. (2014). The moderating effect of normative commitment on the service quality-customer retention relationship.European Journal of Marketing,48(3/4), 657-673. Khan, M. T. (2014). The concept of'marketing mix'and its elements (a conceptual review paper).International journal of information, business and management,6(2), 95. Lee, C. H., Ko, E., Tikkanen, H., Phan, M. C. T., Aiello, G., Donvito, R., Raithel, S. (2014). Marketing mix and customer equity of SPA brands: Cross-cultural perspectives.Journal of Business Research,67(10), 2155-2163. Lovelock, C., Patterson, P. (2015).Services marketing. Pearson Australia. Mok, C., Sparks, B., Kadampully, J. (2013).Service quality management in hospitality, tourism, and leisure. Routledge. Solomon, M. R. (2014).Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Yarimoglu, E. K. (2014). A review on dimensions of service quality models.Journal of Marketing Management,2(2), 79-93.

Galileo Gallilei Essay Example For Students

Galileo Gallilei Essay Galileo Galilei was born on February 15, 1564, in Pisa, Italy. Galileo was the first of seven children of Vincenzio Galilei, a trader and Giula Ammannati, an upper-class woman who married below her class. When Galileo was a young boy, his father moved the family moved to Florence. Galileo moved into a nearby monastery with the intentions of becoming a monk, but he left the monastery when he was 15 because his father disapproved of his son becoming a monk. In November of 1581, Vincenzio Galilei had Galileo enrolled in the University of Pisa School of Medicine because he wanted his son to become a doctor to carry on the family fortune. Vincenzio thought that Galileo should be able to provide for the family when he died, and his sister would need a dowry soon. Galileo had other plans, and in early 1583 he began spending his time with the mathematics professors instead of the medical ones. When his father learned of this, he was furious and traveled 60 miles from Florence to Pisa just to confront his son with the knowledge that he had been neglecting his studies. The grand dukes mathematician intervened and persuaded Vincenzio to allow Galileo to study mathematics on the condition that after one year, all of Galileos support would be cut off and he was on his own. In the spring of 1585, Galileo skipped his final exams and left the university without a degree. He began finding work as a math tutor. In November of 1589, Galileo found a position as a professor of mathematics at the university of Pisa, the same one he had left without a degree four years before. Galileo was a brilliant teacher, but his radical ways of thinking and open criticism of Aristotles teachings were not acceptable to the other professors at the university. They felt that he was too radical and that his teachings were not suitable. In 1592, his three-year contract was not renewed. 1n 1592, he landed a job teaching mathematics at the University of Padua with the help of some aristocratic friends. After his fathers death, Galileo supported many relatives (including his brother Michelangelo and his family) and the sum of money he earned as a professor was not nearly enough. He began to tutor on the side to make extra money, including Prince Cosimo, the son of Grand Duchess Chr istine of Tuscany, which helped Galileo with some of his financial problems. This was also the year that Galileo met Marina Gamba, whom he never married but had three children with. In 1604, Galileos belief he had found a new star and his conclusion that the Earth was moving- began causing him problems. The Roman Catholic Church was uneasy about this declaration that they were wrong. The Church believed that all the planetary bodies were formed at the beginning of Creation, and that new stars were impossible. In 1609, Galileo heard of a spyglass that had been developed in Holland and quickly constructed one himself the first telescope of twenty times magnification. Galileo presented the telescope to the senate of Venice in August of 1609, who were so impressed they doubled his salary and gave him a permanent job at the University of Padua. Galileo used his new device to observe the heavens. He found that the popular belief that the moon was completely smooth was incorrect; for he could see the craters and mountains with his new device. In 1610, he observed four bodies around Jupiter which he concluded to be moons. This was incredible proof against the theory o f the time that the earth was the center of the solar system because it was believed that all the planets and our moon revolved around the earth. Since these four bodies apparently circled Jupiter, this theory was put in question. Also through his telescope, Galileo observed that the Milky Way was made up of thousands of stars and that could not be seen with the naked eye. After observing Earths moon and then finding the four moons of Jupiter though his new device, he began to declare that the findings of Aristotle and Ptolemy were wrong. Galileo believed that the geocentric model was incorrect. Through lectures and writings, Galileo said that Copernicus was right that the earth moved around the sun. Galileos enemies took this declaration and used it against him. They went to the Vatican in Rome and said that these ideas were heresy, because they went against the beliefs of the Church. Of course, the Church sided with Galileos accusers and in early 1616, Galileo traveled to Rome to defend his ideas. The Vatican warned him that formal charges were would be pressed unless he abandoned his ideas that Copernicus was correct and that the Roman Catholic Church was wrong. In March of that year, all Copernican theories were banned, but Galileo ignored the warning and continued to talk about his beliefs. In October of 1632, Galileo was ordered to appear in front of the Inquisition, the court of the Roman Catholic Church. In April of 1633, Galileo went before the court and was ordered to drop all Copernican and heliocentric theories or else he would be torture and executed by burning at the stake for the crime of heresy. On May 10 he admitted in heresy in writing and on June 22 he publicly confessed. He was sentenced to house arrest in his home near Florence for an indefinite length of time. A few months later, Galileos beloved daughter, Sister Maria Celeste, died. By 1638, Galileo was blind and crippled with arthritis. He continued to work on books through the help of his devoted students and friends. Galileo died at home on January 8, 1642. Galileos former friend Pope Urban VIII refused to allow the grand duke of Tuscany to honor Galileo with a marble monument and a funeral oration. .u89fe7e160691e0b91a50e27fb8c5fc55 , .u89fe7e160691e0b91a50e27fb8c5fc55 .postImageUrl , .u89fe7e160691e0b91a50e27fb8c5fc55 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u89fe7e160691e0b91a50e27fb8c5fc55 , .u89fe7e160691e0b91a50e27fb8c5fc55:hover , .u89fe7e160691e0b91a50e27fb8c5fc55:visited , .u89fe7e160691e0b91a50e27fb8c5fc55:active { border:0!important; } .u89fe7e160691e0b91a50e27fb8c5fc55 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u89fe7e160691e0b91a50e27fb8c5fc55 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u89fe7e160691e0b91a50e27fb8c5fc55:active , .u89fe7e160691e0b91a50e27fb8c5fc55:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u89fe7e160691e0b91a50e27fb8c5fc55 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u89fe7e160691e0b91a50e27fb8c5fc55 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u89fe7e160691e0b91a50e27fb8c5fc55 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u89fe7e160691e0b91a50e27fb8c5fc55 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u89fe7e160691e0b91a50e27fb8c5fc55:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u89fe7e160691e0b91a50e27fb8c5fc55 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u89fe7e160691e0b91a50e27fb8c5fc55 .u89fe7e160691e0b91a50e27fb8c5fc55-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u89fe7e160691e0b91a50e27fb8c5fc55:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Who Killed Jon Benet Ramsey EssayLater, the Vatican pardoned Galileo and officially admitted that he had been right all along. But it was not until three hundred and fifty years later, in 1992.

Punishment Of Offenders Essays - Sentencing, Criminal Justice

Punishment Of Offenders According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, in the year 1980 we had approximately 501,900 persons incarcerated across the United States. By the year 2000, that figure has jumped to over 2,014,000 prisoners. The current level of incarceration represents the continuation of a 25-year escalation of the nations prison and jail population beginning in 1973. Currently the U.S. rate of 672 per 100,000 is second only to Russia, and represents a level of incarceration that is 6-10 times that of most industrialized nations. The rise in prison population in recent years is particularly remarkable given that crime rates have been falling nationally since 1992. With less crime, one might assume that fewer people would be sentenced to prison. This trend has been overridden by the increasing impact of lengthy mandatory sentencing policies. The proliferation of harsh mandatory sentencing policies has inhibited the ability of courts to sentence offenders in a way that permits a more problem solving approach to crime, as we can see in the most recent community policing and drug court movements today. By eliminating any consideration of the factors contributing to crime and a range of responses, such sentencing policies fail to provide justice for all. Given the cutbacks in prison programming and rates of recidivism, in some cases over 60% or more, the increased use of incarceration in many respects represents a commitment to policies that are both ineffective and unfair. I believe in equal, fair and measured punishment for all. I dont advocate a soft, or a hard approach to punishment. But we must take a more pragmatic look at what the consequences of our actions are when we close our eyes and blindly carry out sentencing which is neither fair, nor warranted, given the circumstances. I would like to address two primary areas in punishing offenders that I believe need attention, Mandatory Minimums and Three Strikes Policies. Our lawmakers must take on these misguided policies, which have thus far been inefficient and ineffective. They must do this in order to curb our rising prison populations and return us to a level playing field of fair punishment for all persons regardless of race, sex, or ethnic background. The mandatory minimum sentencing policies that now exist in every state have been used disproportionately for drug offenders, who now constitute one of every four inmates nationally. Because of the severe and rigid sentencing scheme mandated by the drug laws, low-level drug offenders face years in prison. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, of the total population of drug offenders in custody, the average maximum sentence for first time felony offenders convicted of drug related charges range between 87.6 months for Class B felonies to 42.4 months for a Class E felony. These statistics also reveal that one in five of the drug offenders incarcerated had no prior felony convictions. Nearly two-thirds of these drug offenders also were never convicted of a violent felony in the past. What we are dealing with here is non-violent, first time offenders and judges have no choice in most states but to incarcerate them for lengthy periods of time which only places more pressure on our prison systems. As I stated earlier, I have a down the middle approach to punishment, not too hard or not too soft. Stiff prison sentences can be appropriate for addressing violent crimes and protecting our communities. But such sentences are misguided and destructive when it comes to these types of nonviolent drug offenders. Also, according to the Federal Bureau of Prisons they cost the American taxpayer approximately $20,747 per inmate per year. Another bi-product of mandatory sentencing is a disparate impact on non-white offenders. The United States Sentencing Commission and Federal Judicial Center have found that among offenders who engaged in conduct warranting mandatory minimums, white offenders were less likely than blacks or Hispanics to receive the mandatory minimum term. I belie ve there are better alternatives to this policy that can more effectively express our values and accomplish our goals without increasing our prison populations and disparaging minorities. Another sentencing policy that is having a major impact on punishment and its fairness are the so called 3 Strikes Laws that many states have enacted. These

Sample Essay on Literary Genre

Sample Essay on Literary GenreWriting a sample essay on literary genre is not a simple task. In fact, it can be hard to decide on what genre you want to write about.The first thing you need to do when you are writing a sample essay on literary genre is to decide on the subject you would like to cover. This is very important because this will dictate the theme of your article. You want to be as specific as possible in this step so that the rest of the process is not so difficult.You can start by choosing a topic that you know about and have read about. You can do a little research about the topic and then find out more about the type of writing that you would like to do to better understand your chosen genre.Once you have your topic in mind, you can now choose how to structure your essay and where to place your heading and paragraphs. By having a clear idea of the way the essay will be structured, you will be able to create a better draft and will be less likely to make any mistakes o r fall behind.Writing a sample essay on literary genre does not necessarily mean you have to go with a specific theme. In fact, you may decide that you want to write a more informal piece that doesn't follow a strict pattern. However, you should still follow your theme throughout the essay.This helps the reader understand the kind of style you are going for and makes it easier to follow along with the flow of the essay. It is also important to make sure that the words you use in your essay are all clear and accurate. You don't want your readers to miss important details that might make a difference in their decision to buy the product you are selling.There are some basic rules you can follow while writing your essay. First, make sure that your heading is clear and the paragraph gets to the point. This helps the reader understand what the entire essay is about and allows them to follow the entire argument.If you follow these rules, you will have a much easier time while writing a sam ple essay on literary genre. With these simple tips, you will find that you can produce a quality article that you can use to help you sell your products.

Alphabetical Phrasal Verbs Reference List

Alphabetical Phrasal Verbs Reference List Phrasal verbs are verbs that are made up of a main verb and followed by particle, usually prepositions. Most phrasal verbs are two or three words and can be quite challenging for English learners as they can be literal or figurative in meaning. In other words, sometimes it is easy to understand the meaning (such as get up), but in the case of figurative meanings can be quite confusing (such as pick up). Begin learning phrasal verbs with a limited list. The list below provides a good starting point for intermediate level English learners. Teachers can use this introducing phrasal verbs lesson plan to help students become more familiar with phrasal verbs and start building phrasal verb vocabulary. Finally, there are a wide variety of phrasal verb resources on the site to help you learn new phrasal verbs and test your understanding with quizzes. This ESL phrasal verb reference guide is intended for English learners. The guide contains some of the most important phrasal verbs used in everyday English. There are many, many more phrasal verbs, but I have chosen these verbs as a good starting point for English learners. Each phrasal verb is defined, has an example sentence for context, and states whether the definition is separable or inseparable, transitive or intransitive. For more information on how to use phrasal verbs, read the phrasal verb guide on this site. Important phrasal verbs in English starting with the letter A. Includes examples and whether the phrasal verb is separable / inseparable, transitive / intransitive. S Separable IS Inseparable T Transitive IT - Intransitive account for explain, be the reason for His lack of interest accounts for his poor grades. IS T act on take an action Tom acted on the information. IS T add to increase the size This chair will add to the furniture we already have. S T add up make sense Your guess adds up based on all the facts. IS IT agree with have the same opinion as someone I agree with Tom about the need for better schools. IS T allow something for provide time, money, or other resource for something You need to allow two hours for traffic. S T answer for something be responsible for something The director answers for the drop in sales last quarter. IS T argue something out discuss all the details to come to an agreement We argued our differences out and signed a contract. S T arrive at something agree upon something We arrived at a contract last week. IS T ask after somebody ask how someone is doing I asked after Kate last week and her mother told me she was doing well. IS T attend to something take care of something you need to do Peter attended to preparations for the party while his wife cooked the dinner. IS T average something out arrive at the average figure I average the contracts out and well make a profit of $250,000. S T

The Failure of the Launch in Thiokol and NASA Term Paper

The Failure of the Launch in Thiokol and NASA - Term Paper Example The National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA)’s flight, which was using the Challenger spaceship, under the mission, STS 51-L burst into flames within the first 72 seconds after takeoff, on January 28, 1986 (Kizza 170). The flight was scheduled to occur in July 1985, but it was postponed for three times until the day this flight took off resulting into a fatal accident. This accident destroyed the established reputation of NASA, as well as the prestige attached to the space program. Globally, millions of people were shocked by the event, which unfolded.          According to (Kizza), the loss of the Challenger emerged due to a joint failure at the lower segments, which are located at the solid rocket motor found on the right side of the Challenger (170). This joint failure was attributed to destruction of seals, which are aimed at preventing leakage of hot gases. As such, a combustion leakage of a gas, which is found at the right solid rocket motor adjacent to the joint initiated shortly or at the ignition. This resulted in the initiation of the vehicle structural breakup, as well as the loss of the Space Shuttle Challenger in the STS 51-L Mission.          Further investigations indicated that sabotage and pay-load or elements of the STS 51-L Shuttle did not contribute towards the joint failure. Moreover, the design specifications of the Shuttle were not altered. This was a conclusion was arrived at after the establishment of the investigations on non-conformance, quality control, assembly, manufacturing, and materials for the Space Shuttle were conducted. The launch activities of the Space Shuttle, including preparation and assembly were in accordance with procedures, which are established. This indicates that the launch activities were not factors of considerations as the main sources or contributors towards the occurrence of the accident.              In the manufacturing process of a vehicle or any machine, design is a critical step, which engineers focus on in order to ensure that the designed machine, vehicle, or equipment has the ability to attain the desired objectives.

Examine the nature of the distinctive managerial,organisational and Essay

Examine the nature of the distinctive managerial,organisational and developmental characteristics of small business visavis large companies.What are the impli - Essay Example Small businesses have distinct features in terms of management organization and development structures. According to Wood (1981), Business objectives are negotiated outcome of the inter play of power and influence between owners of property (capital) and those who do not own properties in the industrial field. (Monsted, 2005) In management, small scale businesses are usually owner-managed while in large scale businesses management has a formal structures with well articulated portfolios that are occupied by professionalism their field of business. Management has been charged with the responsibility of formalizing a coherent long-term industrial relations strategy. Successful small-scale firms engage in strategic management either knowingly and with a set vision or even unknowingly without any set vision. Success is related to sound management while failure shows management is somehow wanting. In the management of small firms owner-managers pursue personal goals which are geared by personal visions; this to some extent hinders achievement of success in the business relative to their large counterparts. This is different from the management in large firms because managers are directly answerable to the stakeholders. (Burns, 2007) In small firms' owner-managers, being the principal stakeholder, in most cases play a multiplicity of roles in management, thus the probability of poor decision-making is higher compared to large firms resulting to inappropriate actions due to lack of efficient management attention to issues that are strategic. (Nooteboom, 1994) Analysis of labor management in small firms commanded little attention during the 80's. Human resource management is a new type of management that is widely used in large companies to quite a great success and has since been introduced in the small firms as well. Previously, it was argued that industrial relations and personnel management in small firms was inexistent thus leading to exploitation of employees. Whereas as large companies dictate supplier relationship, the owners of small businesses are denied options regarding the way they manage labor as considering cost constraints and meeting targets for quality takes away the liberty of independent decision making. Research conducted in the personal field tends to focus on the large firms employing more that 100 employees on a full time basis at the expense of small firms. Small firms put more emphasis on the fields of accounting over personnel management (Nooteboom, 1994). The characteristics of personal ownership, independence and lack of marketing power are unique to the small businesses. These characteristics produce the constraints on management produce the constraints on management and financial resources that are an inevitable consequence of small scale, independence plays to the advantage of the small businesses is that decision making is fast and does not have to undergo all kind of bureaucratic stages as witnessed in large businesses. (Nooteboom, 1994) This saves time and if they make the right decision, they reap the whole of the returns. In small business, there is always room for innovation. This makes the small business to be able to come up with new products and services for the various markets. However, ideas developed in small-scale businesses are not likely to prosper because

Forensic Science Module Essay Example for Free

Forensic Science Module Essay 1. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid refers to the molecules that carry our genetic information. DNA can be found in blood, skin cells, tissues, muscles, bones, teeth, hair, and saliva. 2. Mitochondrial DNA is DNA that can be inherited from one’s mother and is found outside of the cell nucleus. 3. CODIS is a software program that contains the DNA profiles of convicted offenders, missing persons, crime scene evidence, and other sources. CODIS works by attempting to match the samples of DNA based on the thirteen different regions or loci within the nuclear DNA. 4. Complimentary base patterns are pairs that always pair up together. Complimentary base patters are so important because the four bases make up DNA 5. RFLP is described as the method in which DNA is studied, by using an enzyme to cut DNA strands into different sections. Limitations to this process include the fact that it requires a large sample of DNA and samples that carry dirt or mold usually will not work good with this type of test. 1. I believe DNA has had and continues to have such an impact on forensic science because a DNA sample can help figure out who was involved in a crime and even who was the person who committed the crime. 2. I believe some of the challenges that come with collecting DNA evidence could include the DNA sample potentially becoming damaged, by factors even if includes natural causes such as dirt, dust, and mold. Some ways that I could overcome these potential challenges include trying to collect more DNA samples that are not ruined or damaged you can also attempt to clean the DNA if possible. 3. The difference between mitochondria DNA and nuclear DNA is that mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the offspring’s mother while in nuclear DNA it is mixed and matched so it is different. I would choose nuclear DNA to work with because it is more complex which means it is less likely for any two people to have the same pattern while mitochondrial DNA has less variability from one to another. 4. If I had to analyze DNA samples I would choose the polymerase chain reaction to analyze the DNA. PCR creates strands of DNA from small samples of DNA at crime scenes. I would choose this technique because for one it is inexpensive, does not take very long, and can be successful with just even a small piece of the DNA sample. 5. The expert’s testimony can be dismissed by questioning its credibility, education,

Racial Discrimination in the U.S. Justice System Essay -- Race Racial

Racial Discrimination in the U.S. Justice System Introduction In modern-day America the issue of racial discrimination in the criminal justice system is controversial because there is substantial evidence confirming both individual and systemic biases. While there is reason to believe that there are discriminatory elements at every step of the judicial process, this treatment will investigate and attempt to elucidate such elements in two of the most critical judicial junctures, criminal apprehension and prosecution. Criminal Apprehension Statistical accounts show consistent accord in that African Americans are disproportionately arrested over whites. What is much less lucid, however, is the real reason for this disparity. Both criminologists and political scientists alike have expounded remarkably polarized explanations for this phenomenon. Exemplary of this are two arguments as developed as they are diametrically opposed, that of William Wilbanks and that of Samuel Walker, Cassia Spohn and Miriam DeLone. These authors’ arguments are both well-articulated and comprehensive, addressing virtually every pertinent concept in the issue of explaining racially disparate arrest rates. In The Myth of a Racist Criminal Justice System, Wilbanks insists that racial discrimination in the criminal justice system is a fabrication, explaining the over-representation of African Americans in arrest numbers simply through higher incidence of crime. Walker, Spohn and DeLone’s The Color of Justice dissents that not only are African Americans not anywhere near the disproportionate level of crime that police statistics would indicate, they are also arrested more because they are policed discriminately. Walker, Spohn and DeLone addi... ...ican Sociological Review 55(5): 609-627. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-1224%28199010%2955%3A5%3C609%3ACADOTL%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4 Tappan, Paul W. 1947. â€Å"Who Is the Criminal?† American Sociological Review 12 (1): 96-102. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-1224%28194702%2912%3A1%3C96%3AWITC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z Turner, Billy. 1986. â€Å"Race and Peremptory Challenges During Voir Dire: Do Prosecution and Defense Agree?† Journal of Criminal Justice 14: 61-69. U.S. Department of Justice. 2002. â€Å"What is the Sequence of Events in the Criminal Justice System?† http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cjsflowco.pdf. Walker, Samuel, Cassia Spohn, and Miriam DeLone. 2000. The Color of Justice. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company. Wilbanks, William. 1987. The Myth of the Racist Criminal Justice System. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.

Traffic Redundancy Elimination Solutions in Cloud Computing

1.1Background Work: Cloud calculating offer it’s clients an economical and convenient pay-as-you-go examine theoretical account, known besides as use based pricing.Cloud clients pay merely for the existent usage of calculating resources, storage, and bandwidth, harmonizing to their changing demands, using the cloud’s scalable and elastic computational capabilities.In peculiar, informations transportation costs is an of import issue when seeking to minimise costs. Consequently, cloud clients, using a wise usage of the cloud’s resources, are motivated to utilize assorted traffic decrease techniques, in peculiar traffic redundancy riddance, for cut downing bandwidth costs. I refer as cloud clients to organisation that send abroad services to the cloud, and as users to the end-users and devices that consume the services. Traffic redundancy stems from general end-users behaviour, such as often accessing, downloading, uploading, distributing, and modifying the same or similar in sequence points ( paperss, informations, web, and picture ) . Traffic Redundancy remotion is used to extinguish the transmittal of excess content and, hence, to well cut down the web cost. In most common Traffic Redundancy Elimination solutions, both the starter and the receiver inspect and evaluate signatures of informations balls, parsed harmonizing to the informations pleased, past to their plan.when outmoded balls are detected, the starter replaces the plan of each excess ball with its strong signature. profitable Traffic Redundancy Elimination solutions are well-liked at undertaking webs, and occupy the ingestion of two or more proprietary-protocol, province corresponding middle-boxes at both the intranet entry points of information centres and subdivision offices, extinguishing cyclical traffic between them. While proprietary middle-boxes are well-liked point solutions within endeavors, they are non as gorgeous in a cloud location. Cloud suppliers can non profit from a engineering whose end is to cut down client bandwidth measures, and therefore are non likely to put in one. The rise of on-demand work infinites, garnering suites, and work-from-home solutions detaches the workers from their offices. In such a active work state of affairs, fixed-point solutions that need a client-side and a server-side middle-box brace become unsuccessful. On the other manus, cloud-side snap motivates work sharing among waiters and migration among informations enters. Therefore, it is often agreed that a cosmopolitan, software-based, end-to-end Traffic Redundancy Elimination is important in today’s permeant environment.This enables the usage of a standard protocol stack and makes a Traffic Redundancy Elimination within end-to-end secured traffic possible. Current end-to-end Traffic Redundancy Elimination solutions are sender-based. In the instance where the cloud waiter is the transmitter, these solutions require that the waiter continuously maintain clients’ position. We show here that cloud snap calls for a new Traffic Redundancy Elimination solution. First, cloud burden reconciliation and power optimisations may take to a server-side procedure and informations migration environment, in which Traffic Redundancy Elimination solutions that require full synchronism between the waiter and the client are difficult to carry through or may lose efficiency due to lost synchronism. Second, the popularity of rich media that consume high bandwidth motivates content distribution web ( cdn ) solutions, in which the service point or fixed and nomadic users may alter dynamically harmonizing to the comparative service point locations and tonss. Furthermore, if an end-to-end solution is employed, its extra computational and storage costs at the cloud side should be weighed against its bandwidth economy additions. Clearly, a Traffic Redundancy Elimination solution that puts most of its computational attempt on the cloud side2may bend to be less cost-efficient than the 1 that leverages the combined client-side capablenesss. Given an end-to-end solution, I have found through our experiments that sender-based end-to-end Traffic Redundancy Elimination solutions add a considerable burden to the waiters, which may eliminate the cloud cost salvaging addressed by the Traffic Redundancy Elimination in the first topographic point. Our experiments further show that current end-to-end solutions besides suffer from the demand to keep end-to-end synchronism that may ensue in debauched Traffic Redundancy Elimination efficiency. In this paper, I present a fresh receiver-based end-to-end Traffic Redundancy Elimination solution that relies on the power of anticipations to extinguish Redundant traffic between the cloud and its end-users. In this solution, each receiving system observes the entrance traffic redundancy riddance am and attempts to fit its balls with a antecedently received ball concatenation or a ball concatenation of a local file. Using the long-run chunks’ metadata information kept locally, the receiving system sends to the waiter anticipations that include chunks’ signatures and easy-to-verify intimations of the sender’s hereafter informations. The transmitter foremost examines the intimation and performs the Traffic Redundancy Elimination operation merely on a hint-match. The intent of this process is to avoid the expensive Traffic Redundancy Elimination calculation At the dispatcher side in the absence of traffic redundancy. When redundancy is detected. The transmitter so sends to the receiver merely the acks to the anticipations, alternatively of directing the information. On the receiver side, we propose a new computationally frivolous unitization ( fingerprinting ) strategy termed battalion unitization. Pack unitization is a new for rabin fingerprinting conventionally used by rhenium applications. Experiments show that our attack can make informations treating velocities over 3 gb/s, at least 20 % faster than rabin fingerprinting. Offloading the computational attempt from the cloud to a big group of clients signifiers a burden distribution action, as each client processes merely its Traffic Redundancy Elimination portion. The receiver-based Traffic Redundancy Elimination solution addresses mobility jobs common to quasi-mobile desktop laptops computational environments. One of them is cloud snap due to which the waiters are dynamically relocated around the federated cloud, therefore doing clients to interact with multiple altering waiters. Another belongings is ip kineticss, which compel rolling users to often alter information science references. In add-on to the receiver-based operation, we besides suggest a intercrossed attack, which allows a battery-powered nomadic device to switch the Traffic Redundancy Elimination calculation overhead back to the cloud by triping a sender-based end-to-end Traffic Redundancy Elimination similar to to formalize the receiver-based Traffic Redundancy Elimination construct, we implemented, tested, and performed realistic experiments with battalion within a cloud environment. Our experiments show a cloud cost lessening achieved at a logical client effort while deriving extra bandwidth nest eggs at the client side. The execution codification, over 25 000 lines of degree Celsius and Java, can be obtained from our execution utilizes the transmission control protocol options field, back uping all tcp-based applications such as web, picture straffic redundancy riddance aming, p2p, e-mail, etc.

Looking At Islamic Economics And Finance Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2230 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Meaning Islamic Economics and Finance: Islamic economics and finance has emerged as a discipline separate from the general science of economics and finance in the wake of islamisation of Islamic business industry. It is a system of finance that is bound by religious laws that prevent the taking of interest payments which in Arabic called Riba. Islamic economics and Finance is broader term which includes a banking system that isÂÂ  based onÂÂ  the principles of Shariah and guided by Islamic principles. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Looking At Islamic Economics And Finance Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Two basic principles behind Islamic bankingÂÂ  are sharing of profit and loss and, significantly,ÂÂ  the prohibition of the collection and payment of interest. Collection and payment of interest is strictly prohibited in Islam. If it is prohibited to take, it is also prohibited to give. Islamic Economics and Finance has many operational areas like Islamic banking, Islamic Investment, Islamic real estate, Takaful/Insurance, Asset Management etc. The elimination of interest from the economic system is meant to promote economically just, socially fair, and ethically correct dealings according to Islamic principles, foster the solidarity and cohesion of the Muslim ummah, harmonise trade, create powerful economic incentives, and bring about cooperation and co-participation in all walks of life. In formulating its fundamental principles, Islamic economics system seeks to fuse Islamic religion with economic science; that is, it tries to combine the study of economic pheno menon of ordinary business of life with religious beliefs, ethical norms, moral ideals, rules and laws, thus putatively believing that the social science of economics is a secular discipline which does not concern itself with value judgements, and that Islamic economics is a plausible alternative to modern economics since it is based on the values, norms and principles of Islam. History Islamic Economics and Finance: Islamic economics and finance is as old as Islam itself. Throughout the fourteen centuries of Islamic history, we find a continuity of works in which economic issues are discussed in the light of the Shariah. Most of these discussions lay buried, however, in the vast literature on the exegesis of the Quran (that is, Tafsir), commentaries on Hadith, principles of jurisprudence (usul al-fiqh), and law (fiqh). No effort has been made to dig out this material and present it systematically. There is another genre of works devoted exclusively to statecraft and social organization. These and the works on moral philosophy and historiography received some attention when the new born social sciences entered the curricula of universities in the Muslim world and scholars started looking for the Islamic heritage in these fields. Some orientalists have also paid special attention to the political and economic thought of early Muslim thinkers. But we do not have, till date, a single comprehensive book on the history of economic and finance in Islam. We do have, however, a number of papers, mostly written after the middle of this century, on the economic thinking of some eminent Islamic scholars in the past. Lets discuss a little about its journey so far. Even before the invention of money, people used to deposit valuables such as grain, cattle and agricultural implements and, at a later stage, precious metals such as gold for safekeeping with religious temples. Around the 5th century BC, the ancient Greeks started to include investments in their banking operations. Temples still offered safe-keeping, but other entities started to offer financial transactions including loans, deposits, exchange of currency and validation of coins. Financial services were typically offered against the payment of a flat fee or, for investments, against a share of the profit. The views of philosophers and theologians on interest have always ranged from an absolute prohibition to the prohi bition of usurious or excess interest only, with a bias towards the absolute prohibition of any form of interest. The first foreign exchange contract in 1156 AD was not just executed to facilitate the exchange of one currency for another at a forward date, but also because profits from time differences in a foreign exchange contract were not covered by canon laws against usury. In a time when financial contracts were largely governed by Christian beliefs prohibiting interest on the basis that it would be a sin to pay back more or less than what was lent, this was a major advantage. Islamic Banking: The first instance of Islamic banking came into the picture in Egypt in 1963. The pioneering efforts by Ahmad El Najjar brought this bank into existence, whose key principle was profit sharing (non-interest based philosophy of Shariah). By the end of 1976 there were 9 such banks in the country. These banks neither charged nor paid interest but their activities were mostly limited to trade and industries where these banks invested directly or as partners of depositors. Hence, functionally these banks were working more as financial institutions rather commercial banks. In 1971, Nazir Social Banks is known to be the first commercial bank in Egypt, though its charter never made references to Shariah. The first bank explicitly based on Shariah principles was established by the Organization of Islamic countries (OIC) in 1974, called Islamic Development Bank (IDB). This bank was primarily engaged in intergovernmental activities for providing funds for development projects running into mem ber countries. Its business model involved fees for financial services and profit sharing financial assistance for projects. The practice of Islamic banking did not start at the national level. Instead, individual Islamic banks were established in a number of countries during the second half of the Seventies. These individual Islamic banks had to operate within the economic and legal framework of their respective countries. They had also to face competition from interest-based banks, which were well-entrenched in the system. This environment provided no effective protection against the moral hazards attending upon a sharing-based system of financial intermediation. The low levels of honesty and trustworthiness in the market, the poor system of audits and accounts, lack of means for monitoring a business and, last but not least; failure of the judiciary to help the financing agencies in case of default by fund-users, were some of the factors inhibiting the practice of profit-shari ng by the newly established Islamic banks. We learned little about Islamic Economics and Finance and its history. We will discuss now about its relevance of Islamic Economics and Finance in todays life. To know the relevance of Islamic Economics and Finance, we should know the important elements of it. These are the elements which make it more effective in compare to the current conventional system. Conventional system doesnt address the following requirement of their people. However, Islamic Economics and Finance does: Disclosure of cost on transactions Islamic Finance is based on a set of simple truth that all businesses must abide by. For example, under Islamic Finance all financial transactions must disclose the cost and the profit to the buyer. And the determination of cost must include all of your cost. You are prohibited from hiding some of your cost. Full disclosure of pricing is critical to Islamic Finance and what constitutes a good free market. Existence of subject matter Another important principle of Islamic Finance is that all transactions must be supported by the physical existence of the subject of the trade. Contrast this to Wall Street which trades in commodities with no real existence of the commodity. It is now estimated that paper trading in gold is leveraged by more than 30 to 1 in terms of the actual physical gold that exists to support the trades. Constructive Possession Another important rule of Islamic Finance is constructive possession for every financial transaction. What this means is that you must have some ownership stake in what it is you are selling. You cannot sell something that you do not own. If you do, then you have introduced enormous risk and speculation into the marketplace. Under Islamic Economics and Finance this is disallowed and termed as Gharar. Existence of Value Islamic Finance also prohibits the selling of something that has no assigned value. For example, you cannot enter into a business transaction that someone can readily obtain for free or no-one in the marketplace has a use for. All objects of a transaction shall have some perceived value by someone within the marketplace. Things that have no use to anyone are not allowed under Islamic Finance. Trusteeship The idea of trusteeship has been central to all religious views of the economy. Islam reinforced the view that mans ownership of resources is held as a trust, the real owner being God, the Creator, to whom the trustee is accountable. The idea of trusteeship distinguishes the religious/Islamic approach to economics from materialistic approaches like capitalism and socialism. It effectively rules out both extremes -laisses faire and collectivisation-while introducing a moral-spiritual element into the ordinary business of life. The idea is made practical by rules governing individual behaviour and public policy. Helping Behaviour Mankind are Gods dependants, so the most beloved of people in the Sight of Allah are those who do good to His dependants. (Mishkat, Bab al-Shafqah wal-Rahmah alal-Khalq). Helping behaviour is required because of the interdependent nature of mans life. There is no fulfilment in life without interaction with others; individual felicity requires socialization. The exclusive pursuit of self-interest in social relations is counterproductive; it defeats its own purpose. Men serve their individual and collective interests best when each individual cares for the welfare of others while striving to protect and promote his own interest. This is what religion teaches. We gain through giving; when everyone is keen only to acquire and unwilling to give, no one acquires anything. So the wealth increasing through interest and decreasing through charitable giving is an illusion. The reality is different. Social wealth increases when the rich give away part of their wealth to the needy se eking no return save the Pleasure of Allah. An individual may not realise this, as he does not experience it directly and instantaneously. This is why the motivation for charitable giving is weak. Nevertheless, faith does what personal experience might have done, moving men to charity. Those who lack faith and a vision of the Hereafter behave otherwise, as noted in 107:1-3. Moderation Moderation in consumption is another feature of Islamic economics. Islam discourages ostentatious living and indulgence in luxuries. There are no specific quantitative limits to the consumption of what is permissible, but one should take into consideration what is available to others before one avails oneself of the good things of life. This also refers till some extent to all measures that improve the social order of the community. These include welfare policies, comfortable transportation, the provision of free and accessible healthcare etc. Decision by Consultation Men are free to make private economic decisions individually, but public choice and collective decisions must be based on consultation. This is implied in the Qurans characterization of Muslims as a people whose rule (in all matters of common concern) is consultation among themselves (42:39). But the community has been especially cautioned regarding the allocation of offices and the dispensation of justice: Behold, God bids you to deliver all that you have been entrusted with unto those who are entitled thereto, and whenever you judge between people, to judge with justice. Verily, most excellent is what God exhorts you to do, for God is all-hearing, all-seeing! (4:58) The subject of ensuring an adequate supply of public goods has been approached by modern economics within the framework of selfish behaviour, focusing on the free-rider problem. The Islamic doctrine of al-fard al-kifai, or socially obligatory duties, seeks to take care of the matter through voluntary action comp lemented by state action. One significant expression of this tendency in Islamic history has been the proliferation of charitable endowments (waqf) devoted to education, health care and providing for the needy, etc. In general, the doctrine of socially obligatory duties has boosted the role of the voluntary sector in Islamic economies. Coupled with Islams strong condemnation of hoarding and of all collusion between sellers to the detriment of customers, socially obligatory duties build those bridges between self-interest and public interest that are so vital for peace and prosperity in human society. The doctrine implies the valuable insight that the only durable basis for the protection and promotion of the public interest is orienting Individuals towards doing their duty. Treating Wealth as Means Islam looks at economic well-being as a means to peace, freedom from hunger-and freedom from fear of, or domination by, any being other than Allah. Beyond the satisfaction of basic needs, the ultimate objectives of earning and spending money are moral and spiritual. This rule out the seeking of economic gains at the cost of moral and spiritual values, both at the individual and at the national level. It is against Islamic rationality to hoard money. It follows that savings, i.e., what is left after Consumption and charitable giving, must be put to good use. One who cannot undertake productive enterprise himself can do so in partnership with others, or he can supply funds on a profit-sharing basis. Men can also borrow and lend, but the lender cannot claim an increment on the principal, since interest is prohibited. Also prohibited is gambling. Men should seek to avoid these and other prohibited means, such as cheating, exploitation, coercion, etc., when making money. Their freedo m to make monetary and financial arrangements is constrained only by these prohibitions and by the general Islamic tendency to treat money as a means to the good life.