A critique paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A critique paper - Essay Example Allie’s parents are impressed with Lon, but Allie cannot stop thinking about Noah, although she has not received any information from him for a while (Wasowski 67). However, one day Allie embarks on visiting Noah subsequent to seeing his photo in the newspaper standing by an old house, which he had promised to refurbish. Later on, Allie realised that Noah had been sending her letters since when they parted ways and only her mother hid them from her, all this long. Their love was still evident, just as it was several years back (Wasowski 68). However, Allie did not know whether to choose Lon or Noah. Her dilemma was tied on the hatred that her mother had against Noah and the great love she had for him (Sparks 45). She results to choosing Noah and they live a happy life together, until when they die next to each other in the nursing home. The movie is creatively produced and directed with great film techniques all through the scenes. In particular, the presence of a narrator in a couple of scenes was significant in presenting the love story. This narration is applied stylistically to create a difference between the past and the present events (Sparks 56). The viewer can comprehend the themes easily with the help of this narration. The movie manages to preserve the emotions and sentiments of the characters through narration. The movie also highlights the two lovers reacting to each other roughly when angered. In particular, it is surprising to see the two lovers exchanging heartless words and further push and shove around as a mark of bitterness and rage. It is sad for the movie to allow this theme to be perceived as the best way lovers should react when angered. This is for the reason that not many people will desire to be in a relationship where fighting or violence towards each other is evident, all in the name of love. Conversely, the movie presents vivid pre-marital sex scenes. In particular, there are

The Effect of Non-Financial Compensation Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Non-Financial Compensation Essay The Effect of Financial and Non Financial Compensation to the Employee Performance Arik Prasetya†  and Masanori Kato Graduate School of Asia Pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University Beppu-shi, Oita-ken, Japan Abstract This study aims (1) to examine the employee responses in terms of their performance to an implementation of the compensation policy that includes both financial and non financial compensations, (2) to analyze the influence of both financial and nonfinancial compensation collectively and individually. This research was conducted at PT. Telkom Malang Regional Office, by a proportional random sampling technique with the sample size of 57 employees. The results of the descriptive statistical analysis of financial and nonfinancial compensation showed that the compensation policy of PT. Telkom Malang Regional Office is in line with expectations of employees. Based on the results of multiple regression analysis, there are significant influences of financial and nonfinancial compensation to the employee performance. However it was noted that promotion did not influence the employee performance in this company. Keywords: financial compensation, salary, incentive, non financial compensation, promotion, employee performance INTRODUCTION Job performance is influenced by many factors. According to Kreitner and Kinicki (2007), performance management is â€Å"continuous cycle of improving job performance with goal setting, feedback and coaching, and rewards and positive reinforcement†. In this study the focus was given to compensation scheme. An investigation was conducted at PT. Telkom Malang Regional Office to see how such factors of compensation scheme affect job performance of the employees. The question that prompted the current investigation was What degrees at which the salary, incentives, benefits, promotion, self-development, and work environment collectively or individually have influence on employee performance? . Compensation Compensation is one of the physical needs that influence motivation which in turn will affect the employee performance. Providing appropriate compensation within the meaning of fair and adequate to meet the requirements is one of the personnel department functions that are difficult to implement. Compensation includes the financial returns to the services renered by employees as part of employment relationships. Compensation is a form of rewards that flow to employees arising from their employment (Dessler, 1995). Compensation has a big influence in the recruitment of employees, motivation, productivity and employee turnover (Bernardin Russell, 1993). The level and magnitude of compensation should be of concern because the level of compensation will determine the lifestyle, self esteem, and the value of the company. Cascio (1991) describes that the principles that must be considered in granting effective compensation are: a. The principle of fairness, taking into account the ratio between the highest and lowest salaries, cost of living, and so forth. b. The principle of justice, where there should be a good element of justice in connection with the element of working time and job performance.

The Great Depression Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Great Depression was a period, which seemed to go out of control. The crashing of the stock markets left most Canadians unemployed and in debt, prairie farmers suffered immensely with the inability to produce valuable crops, and the Canadian Government and World War II became influential factors in the ending of the Great Depression. The 1920’s meant prosperity for Canada. Canadians living in the 1920’s were freer in values, less disciplined, and concerned with material things more than ever before. Many people wanted to get rich quickly, and stock markets in New York, Toronto, and Montreal shot up. On October 24, 1929, many people wanted to sell stocks through the New York Stock Exchange. More stocks were being sold than bought, and they began to slump. The stock crash became known as the Great Crash of 1929. On Thursday October 29, 1929, the stock markets in Toronto, Ontario and Montreal, Quebec also began a steep descent. Suicide became common among men whom the crash meant financial failure and social ruin. After the stock crash a period of Depression occurred and unemployment was common. By 1933, one out of every four workers in Canada was without a job. Men begged for jobs cutting grass or shoveling snow. Wages were so low that even people with jobs ran into debt. Many businessmen went bankrup t and people all over the country were laid off. Many men disappeared in efforts to look for work. The province of Saskatchewan set up Relief Commission in 1931. For many, the acceptance of Relief meant failure. Those who did except Relief received $5.00 a week, or sometimes less. By 1932, many unemployed men were living in Relief Camps across the country. Work in the Relief Camps usually consisted of meaningless tasks. The camps provided its men with a poor diet and bunks to sleep in. Those living outside of Relief Camps could barely feed their families. Meals consisted of starchy foods such as bread and potatoes. With unemployment rates soaring, many people could not afford coal to heat their homes or to pay electricity bills. Single men, 18 years or older, were housed in rooming houses. In 1933, the Federal Government began herding single men into work camps run by the army. Camps held more than 115, 000 men over a four year period. Men in camps were paid twenty cents a day for l umbering or road building. All over Canada peopl... ...rnment became active in the lives of businessmen and workers alike. Mothers received a family allowance. War veterans received money also. Unemployment insurance was created and any man out of work could apply for it. By 1936 some parts of Canada began to recover from the Great Depression. In Montreal Public Holding Projects were underway, and the Trans Canada Airway gave jobs to men. For Canada, the real end of the Great Depression was caused by the start of World War II. The Great Depression lasted ten years and was followed by five years of World War. During the war the need for materials was massive. Chemical factories, aluminum works, and lumber processing all began to employ men. People could begin to buy more than they had during the Great Depression; therefore the manufactures could produce more. Prairie Provinces also benefited because the markets for wheat had began to recover. The Great Depression in Canada posed many problems for Canadians. During this period the economy suffered, unemployment rates raised, and farmers struggled through the drought of the Dirty Thirties. The Great Depression truly was an uncontrollable force assisting the shape of present day Canada.

exas Roadhouse Essay

Discussion of Whether or not the Phrase â€Å"If we Take Care of our Employees, They will Take Care of our Customers† is Actually Practiced or is just a Cliche on the Wall at Texas Roadhouse Steakhouse and the Implications of Answer The belief in the phrase if we take care of our employees, they will take care of our customers is a practice that instills values in the workforce of today. This is not just a cline, when employees desire their jobs and job description, the effect on customer satisfaction is immeasurable. The most important and effective customers are the company employees and when customers are taken effective care of business relationships are built (Mindshare Technologies, 2010). Texas Roadhouse stated, we want to provide a place that the whole family could enjoy (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2011). Texas Roadhouse delivery is good meal with friendly, energetic, and enthusiastic service. Founded in 1993 by W. Kent Taylor, Texas Roadhouse was voted the #1 Steakhouse in America by Restaurants and Institutions Magazine Consumer Choice Survey in just ten years in 2003, and in 2004 the Best Steakhouse Value and Menu Variety (Texas Roadhouse Inc. , 2013). At the Texas Roadhouse, the company motto is Legendary Food, Legendary Service and Legendary Fun taken pride in everything they do from hand-cut steaks and some tasty margaritas (Texas Roadhouse Inc. , 2013). Texas Roadhouse actually want guests to have so much fun that they will want to return again and again, the best promotion is word of mouth. On the other hand it is concrete that Texas Roadhouse would benefit more from the expansion of its company store hours. Texas Roadhouse operates on the weekdays during dinner hours and on the weekends; the company operates both during lunch hours and dinner hours. Texas Roadhouse’s recent success over the past few years, clearly states that it is evident that Texas Roadhouse would benefit and increase company revenue if the company were to operate on weekdays during lunch hours as well as dinner hours. Furthermore, a well efficient trained, motivated, and satisfied employee who has a great relationship with their boss and company will conduct themselves in an outstanding manner where their work delivery will be the best efficient experience to the next potential customer arriving to the business. Company employees reflect the message the organization wants to deliver to the world, they interact with consumers, make efficient profits and high product performance. If companies take more time to invest in their employees the company will tend to be more performance efficient and produce more profits at a higher rate (Todrin, 2012). Discussion of Alternate Methods that Could be Used to Motivate Texas Roadhouse Employees Other than the Money it Uses as a Motivator for Employees Facing direct financial challenges throughout the economy employees can learn more effective methods besides monetary incentives to motivate employees. Companies can stress to upper level management to use recognition as a form of motivation for the company employees. Employees accomplishing tasks or achieve a specific job duty, management can learn to recognize them for their achievements earn (Worman, 2010). ). Another suggestion would be to develop an Employee of the Month program. This program has been administered for a quite some time, especially throughout corporate America. Individuals should be recognized for their overall outstanding achievements. The process of this award should be administered and voted on by upper level management. Coaching is a form of employee development and recognition. Taking the time and effort to coach an employee for development can say about the company, that you care about your employee’s success throughout the company (Worman, 2010). The use of gags, gimmicks and time off are other methods employers can use as an alternate method to motivate employees. Employers can use these tactics as rewards to help inspire efficient employee performance. The key is to establish the perception of priceless value of the company employees. In addition, all employees enjoy the luxury of being given time off (Worman, 2010). Lastly, the most simplest and under-utilized method of motivation, is just saying to employees thank you for your hard work and effort. Discussion of Possible Effectiveness of Each of the Alternative Methods Other than the Money Texas Roadhouse Uses as a Motivator for Employees Individuals who feel motivated to carry out their job descriptions are the likely employees to bring creativity in addition to high performance rates. Each alternative method can have positive effects on employees. Money is not the only motivator; companies should always consistently incorporate motivation to employees. Otherwise, the best employees will be attracted by other companies when the economy. Incentive pay can be very effective and the plan must be well designed. Effective plans should measure the performance of employees according to overall organizations goal. Promoting employees is very effective it shows employees that their commitment to their work is being acknowledged and appreciated. Occasionally contests held within the company are very effective, it pushes the employees to compete against one other to win the prize. Overall for the employer this is a great way to promote effective performance because all employees are giving their all. Reward and recognition make people feel good themselves and their job, and their performance is directly affected. Employee’s being recognized provides the employees with a overall sense of accomplishment and this can have a domino effect for other employee yearning to be recognized for their job performance (Worman, 2010). The use of gags and gimmicks can inspire employees to do their very best. The incentive of giving time off helps gives employees the chance to compete for the prize. Every employee enjoys receiving a day off of work. Analysis of how Transferable the Texas Roadhouse Way of Motivating Employees Would be in Other Organizations The way Texas Roadhouse uses monetary incentives to motivate employees may not be transferable to other organizations because not all companies have the same vision for the company, and not all organizations are financially stable to reward their employees with incentives such as cash. Organizations that seem not to be able to uphold these standards need to research different alternatives methods used to motivate company employees. On the other hand organizations that can use monetary incentives as a form of motivation for employees should use those incentives as a way to show company appreciation. In return for their hard work being recognized some employees may choose to improve their performance for the company because they feel appreciated. Lastly, it really does not make a difference in the alternative methods companies uses to motivate the company employees, the use of motivation helps employees explore their potential helping the organization reach top notch performance (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2011).

Imperialism and Capitalism

Imperialism which is often considered to be a final stage of capitalism was a logical continuation of industrialization, development of trade and colonization. Global trade and goods exchange have united Europe, Africa, America and Asia into an integral organism. Imperial system as well as interaction between the major colonial super-powers guaranteed economical stability and peace. Colonies were perfect markets for the goods produced in metropolises and were used as emergency zones in cases of overproduction in order to prevent global or local economical crisis. Colonies were used as raw material donors of metropolitan industry. In order to prevent movement for political and economical independence, colonies were not allowed to have industrial objects as their economical activity was limited to farming and mining. On the hand with traditional colonial system which took place in France, Great Britain, Belgium which had huge possessions worldwide, American imperialism had introduced a new one without any formal colonial possessions. American imperialism was different from British and French as it penetrated into independent countries, making their single-sector economies be dependent upon the price policies set by American corporations. American imperialists used different methods in order to widen their spheres of influence in western hemisphere: bribery of corrupted officials, aiding political opposition of unwanted regimes and even open intervention by American troops which always ended with establishing of puppet governments. These methods were used on Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto-Rico. The effects of imperialism are quite different both for colonies and imperial metropolises: from one side goods exchange ensured economical stability, from the other side imperial ambitions of superpowers resulted WW1. Colonies experienced mostly negative impacts: industrial backwardness, dependence upon metropolises, poverty, social injustice and discrimination. Of course the appearance of imperialism as a new world order at the beginning of the twentieth century had provoked continuing discussions about its real impacts on civilization. Contemporaries either supported imperialism or sharply criticized it. Kipling, for example, insisted that imperialism was a logical continuation of civilization progress and it was vital in order western civilization to survive, as it prevented it from economical and social crisis, guaranteed goods exchange, development of trade and stability in western world. This concept is rather conservative as Kipling also supports the idea of racial and cultural superiority of western civilization and this factor is considered to be justification of colonial expansion in his theory. On the other hand such authors as Hobson consider imperialism to be one of the alternatives to economical development which has a global character and is resulted by concentration of wealth within one country. Hobson argues that in order world economy to develop, this wealth has to be distributed overseas as it will promote development of both economies: metropolitan and colonial. The growth of anti-imperialist movement was resulted by its destructive influence on colonial countries which appeared to be in total dependence from imperialist states. Anti-imperialist movement took place in India, China, and Latin America. In fact the accident which led to WW1 had also anti-imperialist background, as Serbian revolutionaries were afraid that Serbia will become a dependent territory of Austria-Hungary. The results of WW1 were contradictory for different countries. Four European empires: Germany, Austria Hungary, Russian and Ottoman Empire collapsed in 1918 when the war was over. Moreover, prolonged economical and social crisis caused by the 4 years of bloody war had resulted a series of revolutions and public unrest world wide, changing political orientation of many countries. Bolshevik revolution in Russia brought to power a small group of political radicals led by Vladimir Lenin, who started to build a new order in semi-feudal country according to Marxist ideas of equality, abolition of private property and establishment of proletariat dictatorship. Tsarist regime was substituted by a new radical ideology of communism which was alien to Russian peasants and middle class. The years of prolonged terror, artificial hunger, repressions had changed the country and had changed people†s mentality to the mentality of oppressed people who was living under dictator†s rule. A new Soviet nation was raised in the fear of capitalist world, in the fear of the possible threat from the side of international capitalism and in constant preparation for war. Actually the premises for future cold war originated in interwar period and foreign intervention against Soviet Russia in 1919-1921 had only deepened fear of Soviet people. Stalin, a new leader of Communist party had created his own doctrine of socialist state. Rapid industrialization and collectivization in agricultural sector had changed country†s economy, making it stable and more advanced. In fact, Communist Russia was the only country which experienced economical growth starting from middle 1920†³s and going all the way to 1941, whiles the world of capitalism was suffering from global economical crisis. Communism became a potential threat for capitalist world and the USSR had become an ideological enemy of the West. Stalin understood it quite well and was getting ready for a possible war. Industrialization and militarization of economy were essential in order to survive and provide security to the country. As the power of the Soviet Union grew, it became obvious that it would have territorial ambitions for the spread of communist ideology worldwide. Prosperity in major European countries and in the USA in early 1920†³s was contrasted by deep economical and social crisis in Germany and Italy. The conditions of Versailles treaty had imposed unbearable obligations on Germany as the government of Weimar republic had to pay huge reparations to victors of WW1. Besides, ruined infrastructure of Germany lacked mineral resources and industry as Germany lost the region of Saar, Alsace-Lorraine and several major seaports on the coast of the Baltic Sea together with several colonies in Africa and Asia. The country had no opportunity for development; new democratic government failed to rebuild country†s infrastructure, only irritating people and provoking social unrest. Humiliated nation wanted revenge and retreat. Liberties and democratic freedoms of Weimar constitution were not popular as the nation felt nostalgia about the time of iron order and international respect. Crisis of Weimar republic turned into growth of nationalism and chauvinistic ideas, supported by common people and former WW1 soldiers and officers who were left forgotten by government. This is the main explanation of fascism success in Germany. Crisis in Italy had many similar features to German one. Unemployment, poverty and social unrest in early 1920†³s had created a favorable climate for the rise of Benito Mussolini, the leader of a new party formed by WW1 soldiers and officers who were irritated by economical crisis. Mussolini†s populist ideas were close both to common people ans to upper classes as he promised social stability and order. Mussolini†s political program was successful in 1920†³s and in early 1930†³s as he stabilized economy, solved major social problems of poverty, unemployment and other social vices and returned self respect and pride to Italian nation. His government controlled media, regulated economy and social life of the country. But at the same time Mussolini revealed militaristic ambitions of fascist Italia- intervention and capture of Abyssinia is the best proof of it. War in Abyssinia was not the only conflict fought after the WW1. On the Far East, Militarist Japan started intervention against Manchuria in 1938. These conflicts have shown the weakness of League of Nation, organization which was created in order to preserve peace and prevent wars and local conflicts. Economical crisis on the hand with disintegration of the capitalist world and growing threat from ideological enemy of capitalism-the USSR demonstrate the complicated system international relations in inter-war period. The results of WW1 became obvious after the 20 year period: 2 totalitarian states (the USSR and Nazi Germany) which had colonial ambitions stood against disintegrated democratic world, which was to weak to resist aggression of these two superpowers. The inter war period in the world history is characterized by three different concepts of state development: communist, fascist and traditional democratic. Even though they are hostile, each was successful on a certain stage of development as it had taken ruined Russian empire, Germany and the USA out of economical crisis and had returned confidence and stability to their peoples. After Bolsheviks revolution in Russia, former empire was turned into a new state ruled by the Communist Party. Communist party of the USSR had made radical changes realizing Marxist ideas about revolution and dictatorship of proletariat: abolition of private property, nationalization and equality of all citizens. Understandably in a patriarchal agricultural country with underdeveloped industry and ruined economy any idea about a strong state of proletariat (working class) would fail, but not in Russia. Stalin, who became the head of the communist party in 1928, had his own plan how to reform economy: he proclaimed a course on rapid industrialization and collectivization of farming enterprises. In order to achieve development of industry he performed redistribution of property, expropriating agricultural products from peasants and making them work in kolkhozes (collective state owned farms). In fact he turned free farmers into state slaves who had no property and had to work on state farms in order to survive. This cruel and inhuman practice gave the opportunity to develop heavy industry; mining and it gave the opportunity to start militarization. These results were achieved by numerous victims of innocent people who suffered from repressions and great purges as Stalin†s regime eliminated anyone who had another opinion on the destiny of the country. The total number of Stalin†s victims exceeds 20 million people. So what were his achievements? In quite a short period (20 years) Russia was turned into an industrial state with developing industry and one of the strongest armies in Europe. Society had changed as it was developing according to a socialist model. State was the only power in the country, state was the only property owner. Citizens in majority were nearly equal; the difference between those who had the highest and the lowest income was not really distinct as in capitalist world. In fact, state provided a working citizen with essential facilities for living and guaranteed basic social and medial care. People got the facilities in order to work good enough but nothing else. The order in the country was realized by a total control of media, press and oppression of any potential opposition. Communism substituted religion as the official religion of communist state was atheism, communist party controlled all spheres of life, which led to the isolation of the country. Free market was substituted by barter within the country and market relations were substituted by planned economy.. From historical point of view, the politics of Stalin, even being brutal and inhuman, was justified by historical need, as in order to survive and not collapse, Soviet Russia had to become a super power with a strong army and developed industry from an out-dated, semi-feudal empire with ineffective state management and corrupted aristocratic government. The main weakness of Stalin†s Russia was that the only condition under which the country could stand and continue its development was the policy of terror and oppression of any potential threat in the face of political opposition. Such kind of regime, based only on suppression of human individualism, collectivism and isolation from the rest of the world would definitely fail if some liberties were allowed. So if to look on the history of the Soviet Union starting from Nikita Khrushchev we will see the gradual decline of totalitarian empire, which collapsed in 1991. Another example of totalitarian state of inter-war period is Nazi Germany. Nazi Germany led by Adolph Hitler embodied fascist ideas about a strong state with iron order. Hitler†s phenomenon was a direct result of Versailles Treaty consequences for after war Germany. Humiliated nation, which suffered the burden of huge reparations, deep economical; depression and social crisis caused by ineffective politics of democratic government of Weimar republic wanted the only thing retreat and revenge. So chauvinist and radical ideas of Nazis have succeeded. Germans saw a leader in Hitler, who promised return international respect and prosperity to the nation. Hitler†s political program was very simple and it satisfied Germans fully. Hitler promised descent work to workers and guaranteed protection of private property to businessmen. But his political program was also based on racial hatred, anti-Semitism, blind chauvinism and aggression. Nazis used nearly the same methods of oppression Stalin practiced during â€Å"great purges†, but they focused on ethnic non-German minorities, Communists and political opposition to Hitler†s national-Socialist Party. German economy during Hitler†s regime was also state regulated, as the owners of industrial objects had certain obligations: they had to provide decent wages to workers and had to fulfill industrial state orders. Hitler had changed economy, he made it military oriented preparing the nation for a war. Social life during Nazi regime was also subjected to total control, fascist government controlled media, eliminated political opposition, persecuted ethnic minorities, which turned into Holocaust and genocide during WW2. Hitler†s regime which had to solve racial and territorial question was inhuman and contradicted modern human consciousness. It had to be stop anyway by international coalition, otherwise the absurd and paranoia of one man would cause a world human tragedy. The methods of state regulation were also present during Roosevelt†s office even though he represented a free democratic country living under the laws of capitalism. Roosevelt†s New deal was a set of reforms and a set of measures taken in order to relief the affects of the Great depression. State regulation over prices, control over banks activity and other measures had strengthened economy, getting the country of crisis. Nevertheless, despite the terrible affects of economical crisis and Great depression the USA stood and recovered. Comparing social and economical situation in the USSR, the USA and Germany in inter-war period we may find several similar features in activities of their governments. All of them provided social programs for citizens in order to guarantee realization of basic human living needs: health care, education, social protection and basic welfare programs. All three political regimes used state control over economy, which never used before. But in comparison to the USA where it had a temporary character, Germany and the USSR used it as an integral method of state administration which guaranteed stability and security.

Why You Should Use Reusable Shopping Bags

Why You Should Use Reusable Shopping Bags The next time the clerk at your favorite grocery store asks whether you prefer â€Å"paper or plastic† for your purchases, consider giving the truly eco-friendly response and saying, â€Å"neither.† Plastic bags end up as litter that fouls the landscape and kill thousands of marine animals every year that mistake the floating bags for food. Plastic bags that get buried in landfills may take up to 1,000 years to break down, and in the process, they separate into smaller and smaller toxic particles that contaminate soil and water. Furthermore, the production of plastic bags consume millions of gallons of oil that could be used for fuel and heating. Is Paper Better Than Plastic? Paper bags, which many people consider a better alternative to plastic bags, carry their own set of environmental problems. For example, according to the American Forest and Paper Association, in 1999 the U.S. alone used 10 billion paper grocery bags, which adds up to a lot of trees, plus a lot of water and chemicals to process the paper. Reusable Bags Are a Better Option But if you decline both paper and plastic bags, then how do you get your groceries home? The answer, according to many environmentalists, is high-quality reusable shopping bags made of materials that don’t harm the environment during production and don’t need to be discarded after each use. You can find a good selection of high-quality reusable bags online, or at most grocery stores, department stores, and food co-operatives. Experts estimate that 500 billion to 1 trillion plastic bags are consumed and discarded annually worldwide- more than a million per minute. Here are a few facts about plastic bags to help demonstrate the value of reusable bags to consumers and the environment: Plastic bags are not biodegradable. They actually go through a process called photodegradation- breaking down into smaller and smaller toxic particles that contaminate both soil and water, and end up entering the food chain when animals accidentally ingest them.According to the Environmental Protection Agency, more than 380 billion plastic bags are used in the United States every year. Of those, approximately 100 billion are plastic shopping bags, which cost retailers about $4 billion annually.According to various estimates, Taiwan consumes 20 billion plastic bags annually (900 per person), Japan consumes 300 billion bags each year (300 per person), and Australia consumes 6.9 billion plastic bags annually (326 per person).Hundreds of thousands of whales, dolphins, sea turtles, and other marine mammals die every year after eating discarded plastic bags they mistake for food.Discarded plastic bags have become so common in Africa they have spawned a cottage industry. People there collec t the bags and use them to weave hats, bags, and other goods. According to the BBC, one such group routinely collects 30,000 bags every month. Plastic bags as litter have even become commonplace in Antarctica and other remote areas. According to David Barnes, a marine scientist with the British Antarctic Survey, plastic bags have gone from being rare in the late 1980s and early 1990s to being almost everywhere in Antarctica. Some governments have recognized the severity of the problem and are taking action to help combat it. Strategic Taxes Can Cut Plastic Bag Use In 2001, for example, Ireland was using 1.2 billion plastic bags annually, about 316 per person. In 2002, the Irish government imposed a plastic bag consumption tax (called a PlasTax), which has reduced consumption by 90 percent. The tax of $.15 per bag is paid by consumers when they check out at the store. Besides cutting back on litter, Ireland’s tax has saved approximately 18 million liters of oil. Several other governments around the world are now considering a similar tax on plastic bags. Governments Use the Law to Limit Plastic Bags More recently, Japan passed a law that empowers the government to issue warnings to merchants that overuse plastic bags and don’t do enough to â€Å"reduce, reuse, or recycle.† In Japanese culture, it is common for stores to wrap each item in its own bag, which the Japanese consider a matter of both good hygiene and respect or politeness. Companies Making Tough Choices Meanwhile, some eco-friendly companies- such as Toronto’s Mountain Equipment Co-op- are voluntarily exploring ethical alternatives to plastic bags, turning to biodegradable bags made from corn. The corn-based bags cost several times more than plastic bags, but are produced using much less energy and will break down in landfills or composters in four to 12 weeks. Edited by Frederic Beaudry

The eNotes Blog Scholarship Spotlight February2015

Scholarship Spotlight February2015 Every month, will select some of the best scholarships around and post them on our blog. Check out this months cherry-picked scholarships! When you are ready to apply, check out our tips  on How to Write a Scholarship Essay. Find even more scholarships and resources  here. John Lennon Scholarship Amount:$5,000-$10,00 Eligibility: Ages 17-25, major must be in music or performing arts, must be attending or be alumni/alumnae of U.S. college or university Requirements: music and lyrics of original song on a CD or MP3 file, as well as three typed lyric sheets Due Date: February 27, 2015 SEG Foundation/Apache Scholarship Amount: $500-$14,00 Eligibility: Must be interested in physics, geophysics, earth sciences, or environmental science Requirements: Recommendation, essay, transcript Due Date: March 1, 2015 Charles Lucille King Family Foundation Scholarship Amount: up to $3,500 Eligibility: Must be a junior or senior majoring in television and film at an accredited university, have financial need, and demonstratable academic achievement Requirements: recommendations, personal statement Due Date: March 15, 2015 Siemens Competition in Math, Science and Technology Amount: $1,000- $100,000 Eligibility: Must be a U.S. citizen or Permanent Resident, a high school student, and interested in a STEM major Requirements: Research proposal and up to 18 page research report Due Date: September 30, 2015 *** TA Program: Monthly Scholarship  *** Amount: $500-$1000/per month Eligibility: Must apply and be an approved TA. Our TAs are high-school and college students who answer Homework Help questions on . They specialize in Literature, Writing, Math, Science, or History and know how to explain an idea to a fellow student. Requirements: Apply to be a TA here. Three exceptional TAs will be chosen for the monthly scholarships. Exceptional TAs are those that qualitatively answer numerous questions in the Homework Help. Due Date: N/A

5 Sentences with Misplaced Modifiers

5 Sentences with Misplaced Modifiers 5 Sentences with Misplaced Modifiers 5 Sentences with Misplaced Modifiers By Mark Nichol In each of the following sentences, ambiguity or confusion results from faulty placement of a modifying phrase. Discussion and a revision of each sentence illustrates a solution to the problem. 1. The organization provides youth and adults with disabilities job training and employment services. Does disabilities apply to the youth and adults, or does it refer to the job training and employment services? To clarify the sentence’s meaning, precede the reference to the recipients of what is offered with the description of what is offered: â€Å"The organization provides job training and employment services for youth and adults with disabilities.† 2. Here are some obscure names for everyday things we don’t usually use. Does the list (accompanied by photographs of the object in the source material for this example) pertain to a) names of seldom-used things, or b) seldom-used names of things? The correct answer is b, but the way the sentence is written, the reference is ambiguous. To clarify, write, â€Å"Here are the obscure names we don’t usually use for everyday things.† 3. The man, whose wife and baby still live in the city, did not want his name used for their safety. The sentence reads as if the man did not want his name used to contribute to the safety of his wife and child, or as if he wanted his name used for some reason other than their safety. However, it means that, for fear of reprisal, he was protecting them by not using his name. This revision more clearly conveys that meaning: â€Å"Out of concern for the safety of his wife and baby, who still live in the city, the man did not want his name used.† 4. Smith didn’t endear himself to voters by refusing to participate in a debate scheduled for Monday. This sentence suggests that Smith used some other strategy for endearing himself to voters other than refusing to participate in the scheduled debate. (If so, why is the alternative strategy not described?) Simply inserting a comma after voters (â€Å"Smith didn’t endear himself to voters, by refusing to participate in a debate scheduled for Monday†) will help readers absorb the sentence’s meaning, but it’s an awkward solution; better yet, transpose the subordinate clause and the main clause: â€Å"By refusing to participate in a debate scheduled for Monday, Smith didn’t endear himself to voters.† 5. Incorporate external-risk indicators into analysis, such as economic or industry-specific details. Economic or industry-specific details are examples of external-risk indicators, not of analysis, so the final phrase of the sentence should parenthetically follow indicators, not analysis: â€Å"Incorporate external-risk indicators, such as economic or industry-specific details, into analysis.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Computer Terms You Should Know55 Boxing IdiomsSupervise vs. Monitor

Quaility management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quaility management - Essay Example Therefore, total quality management is a customer driven process (Rawlins, 2008, p. 37). This paper seeks to discuss the assistance available to organizations seeking to improve quality. Total quality management is meant to focus on customers and non-customers. It is mandatory for the organization to ensure their major decisions are focused on the customer. Moreover, an organization is bound to carry out a research on customer perception about its service to know of its strength and weakness in order to effect appropriate improvements. In addition, having an understanding of non-customers will help an organization to have an insight on the modalities employed by the competitors. Secondly, an organization should ensure that it maintains continuous improvement. A good organization will have a service research program that managers will always consult when making decisions. Service quality information will assist in identifying any major shortfall likely to occur and a swift action will be taken (Oakland, 2003, p. 230-233). Moreover, employee’s involvement is essential for proper total quality management achievement. Employee research is just like customer research. Employee can be used to review the quality of nay service before it is released to the consumer as what happen internally to an organization affects the service offered to the customer. Employees are also aware of the problems and challenges that affect the quality of any service offered by a particular organization. Additionally, ensuring teamwork between employees will act as a benchmark for quality service delivery. Workers will be motivated to serve at their level best and will be able to accept quality criticism. Team involvement may also act as a source of motivation to proper service delivery. Moreover, open discussion in an organization should be encouraged and employee

Multicultural Awareness Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Multicultural Awareness - Assignment Example One must analyze himself in order to lead the life in a more peaceful manner. Lack of self awareness leads to various problems and self awareness will certainly help a person to improve himself. This in turn will improve his life and the development will be at a faster pace. Cultural and communal awareness and beliefs play a vital role in the development of one’s life. Since it is considered to be an important part, each and every person must have the basic knowledge about his/ her own cultural practices. (Cox & Richlin, 2004). As a counselor, I must also take note of the client’s socio-cultural background. To accomplish this, I must go through a process of self assessment that would help me in dealing with the clients in a better way. The self assessment helped in a great way since it made me a better person as I had an opportunity to know about myself. The self assessment helped me to realize the biases and beliefs of my culture and molded me into a better person. In a multi cultural environment, I had an opportunity to get along with people from different culture and community. (Erford, 2009) This made me gain more knowledge about their socio-cultural practices and the way in which they deal with people from other culture. The first time when I was realized as other, the situation was completely different.

HR Hiring and retention Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

HR Hiring and retention - Term Paper Example stake that an employer can make is to leave a job vacancy unoccupied as he or she continues to hope that the perfect person will eventually be found to fill in this position. In reality, the best candidates in the job market find jobs opportunities within a short time and thus will not be going to numerous interviews, as they will easily secure the jobs they want without going through numerous interviews. It is important to note that there are many other people with an ability to fill the position and may even fit into the company in a better way than the perceived perfect candidate may. In the process of hiring managers also have to abide by a strict budget and this means that there is a chance the perfect will not agree with the terms, however, this does not imply that managers should therefore settle for employees with lower qualifications. Instead, they should remain practical in the process of searching for the most suitable employee. Hunting for the best employee involves a num ber of steps that will ensure that the process of recruitment and hiring is done at the top level. One of the steps involves developing a hiring strategy , which regardless of whether all the positions are full at the present, has to be identified in order to know the manner in which the future employees will be found so that the process can be smooth. A good business should always have knowledge of the way it will seek candidates to fill positions and this means it should come up with a plan that will be in place in the event that a vacancy arises. Another step involves focusing more on training, as through training the workers in the appropriate manner, the company will not have to worry about the recruitment of candidates in the future since most of the employees will be retained at the company. The workers will also be happier and more motivated when they have a good understanding of the activities they are supposed to undertake and how they increase the productivity of the

Use of Power and Political Acumen in the Organization Term Paper

Use of Power and Political Acumen in the Organization - Term Paper Example A good example demonstrating how a politically astute strategy was used to enhance a nurses power base involved a nurse acting as a policy advocate in a bid to improve health care delivery in a health organization. According to Parker (2007), "A nurse gains power through establishing positive, collegial, working relationships with physicians, other nurses, and all the members of the health care team. Productive relationships increase a nurses power to base care decisions on ethical principles". The nurse therefore advocating for the rights of the patients engaged effective skills particularly her convincing skills, negotiation skills, and decision making capabilities in seeking the support of all individuals involved in health care delivery. In doing so, the nurse created a productive relationship with all stakeholders and hence expanding her power base (Paynton, 2008). There are numerous strategies that can be used to enhance or leverage power and political acumen in the nursing profession. One of these strategies as elucidated by Pfeffer (2010) is being in charge of all resources within the organization that are of significance to other employees. Good examples of such resources include finances and information. Political acumen and power in nursing denotes the ability of a nurse to garner the support of others. Assisting other nurses and physicians to access the resources they require to conduct their activities and obligations can work in favor of a nurse as it is easy to convince them to return the favor when their support is needed (Pfeffer, 2010). Another strategy to enhance or leverage power and political acumen includes the use of rewards and punishment (Pfeffer, 2010). Since time immemorial, individuals in positions of management have issued rewards for individuals who support them in their endeavors and subsequently chastise those who work against them. Nursing leaders can therefore make it known that those who give

Trademark Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trademark - Case Study Example Her father was a radio announcer for years and of course his name was used on air. McClusky did not have trouble with her McFest name until she applied for patent for the continuing concerts. That is, of course, when McDonald's got involved. Knowing you have been served from a company like McDonald's (the big dog) would make most regular people give up (the little dog) but not McClusky, This paper will introduce the fight this little dog plans on winning. McDonlad's, it would seem has a McFamily of names that cannot be used by others. Those include McWatchy, McDouble, McJobs, McShirt, McPool, McShades, McFree, McRuler, McLight and even just Mc. So McClusky has the wrong last name. There were no objections from the big dog when McClusky raised $30,000 in charity for the Special Olympics last year. Could it be because McDonlad's also supports Special Olympics and it was seemingly free advertising for them. Now, $5,000 of that money has gone to pay lawyers to support the little dogs point of view (fight). McClusky says she can't understand when one company can infringe on the rights one's sir name gives them and will continue this fight in the courts, however, she wants this money to go to charity and not to lawyers. McDonald's says they have the legal mandate to protect their trademark and that trademark means anything that starts with Mc.

Use of Power and Political Acumen in the Organization Term Paper

Use of Power and Political Acumen in the Organization - Term Paper Example A good example demonstrating how a politically astute strategy was used to enhance a nurses power base involved a nurse acting as a policy advocate in a bid to improve health care delivery in a health organization. According to Parker (2007), "A nurse gains power through establishing positive, collegial, working relationships with physicians, other nurses, and all the members of the health care team. Productive relationships increase a nurses power to base care decisions on ethical principles". The nurse therefore advocating for the rights of the patients engaged effective skills particularly her convincing skills, negotiation skills, and decision making capabilities in seeking the support of all individuals involved in health care delivery. In doing so, the nurse created a productive relationship with all stakeholders and hence expanding her power base (Paynton, 2008). There are numerous strategies that can be used to enhance or leverage power and political acumen in the nursing profession. One of these strategies as elucidated by Pfeffer (2010) is being in charge of all resources within the organization that are of significance to other employees. Good examples of such resources include finances and information. Political acumen and power in nursing denotes the ability of a nurse to garner the support of others. Assisting other nurses and physicians to access the resources they require to conduct their activities and obligations can work in favor of a nurse as it is easy to convince them to return the favor when their support is needed (Pfeffer, 2010). Another strategy to enhance or leverage power and political acumen includes the use of rewards and punishment (Pfeffer, 2010). Since time immemorial, individuals in positions of management have issued rewards for individuals who support them in their endeavors and subsequently chastise those who work against them. Nursing leaders can therefore make it known that those who give

Criminal Justice in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Criminal Justice in the US - Essay Example Legal scholars, as well as criminologists in other developed nations, state that they are puzzled and shocked by the length and number of American prison terms. The U.S. has, for example, 2 million lawbreakers in prisons, more than any other country. This is in line with the information given out at King's College in England by the International Center for Prison Research. China follows with 1.6 million individuals in prison, but the country is four times more populous than America. That figure leaves out thousands of individuals held in administrative custody (Liptak, 2008). Most of these individuals are held up in China's extrajudicial scheme of re-education by labor. The system also isolates political activists who have not committed any offense. San Marino is at the ending of the lengthy list of 218 nations gathered by the center. The country has a population of about 30,000 people. San Marino, however, has only one inmate. The U.S. leads in the list of prison studies center. The country is ranked first in order of the imprisonment rates. America has 700 individuals in jail or prison for every 100,000 in population. If people count only grownups, then the finding would be that one in every 100 American citizens is in prison (Liptak, 2008). The only other key developed country that even comes close to America is Russia. Russia has 627 inmates for every 100,000 individuals. The other countries have much lower rates. Germany's is 70, England's rate is 140 and Japan's is 50. These rates are all out of 100,000. The median among all countries circulates at 125. 125 is roughly a fifth of the American rate. There is little inquiry that the high imprisonment rate in America has assisted to cut down crime. There is, however, the debate regarding how much the rates have eased crime. Legal experts and criminologists abroad and in the country point out certain factors to explain America's astonishing imprisonment rate. These factors are harsh sentencing regulations, hig h levels of brutal crimes, a special fervor in fighting illegal drugs, a heritage of racial disorders and the lack of a social safety net.  

Southern Rock Music Comparison Essay Example for Free

Southern Rock Music Comparison Essay For this essay I have selected two different pieces of music from the same time period, the 1970’s. The first is Sweet Home Alabama, by Lynyrd Skynyrd and the second is Margaritaville, by Jimmy Buffet. Both are popular singles of their own accords. Margaritaville was released in 1977 on the album Changes in Latitudes, Changes in Altitudes. It was an instant hit in the United States and reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 chart as well as peaking the Easy Listening chart at number one. It is by far Buffet’s highest charting solo single. Sweet Home Alabama was released in 1974 on the album Second Heaping. It was the popular southern rock band’s second hit single as well as a whole half-minute shorter than the recorded version of Margaritaville. Margaritaville is sung as a peaceful account of the tourist scene that came upon Key West many decades ago and is meant to recount good times and an easy-going mood. It reflects the hazy lifestyle of a vacation beach community and relates heavily to drinking alcohol. The tone is upbeat and the genre is a blend of gulf and country rock. The song is primarily upheld by guitar and lyrical power but also involves a bit of piano in the chorus. Many sources speak of a lost verse that works in rhyming relation to the rest of the song but was removed by the radio stations for song shortening purposes. Sweet Home Alabama is a song that invokes many controversial themes including racism and slavery. It was written in response to Neil Young’s â€Å"Southern Man† and â€Å"Alabama†. There are a few different towns referenced in the music including Birmingham, Alabama, which is significant because the city was home to much civil rights activism, as well as Muscle Shoals, Alabama, which was a popular location for recording music during this time period. Sweet Home Alabama also is primarily guitar and lyrically presented. Some sources say the song is foremost a tribute to the studio musicians at Muscle Shoals Sound Studios. While both Margaritaville and Sweet Home Alabama are popular upbeat singles from the 1970’s, many differences define them. Margaritaville speaks mainly of the simple lifestyle of vacationing tourists during this time period whereas Sweet Home Alabama touches on the deeper issues going on at this time in the south first brought to light by Neil Young. Both are similar genres and involve mainly guitar and vocal presentation but both also invoke the piano to a point. Margaritaville is much longer as far as lyrics are concerned especially because there are verses that never made it into the radio recording. Both songs are excellent tributes to the power of southern rock during the 1970’s.

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Teva Pharmaceuticals

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Teva Pharmaceuticals Corbin Wright Teva Pharmaceuticals is the largest generic pharmaceutical manufacturer in the world[1]. As of December 22, 2016, Teva Pharmaceuticals now holds the record for the largest fine by a pharmaceutical company for violating the foreign corrupt practices act. The settlement amount includes $283 million fine from the DOJ and a subsequent $236 million fine from the SEC. This total fine of $519 million far outweighs the previous record of Johnson Johnsons $70 million fine from 2011[2]. The question remains, what did TEVA Pharmaceuticals do that required a fine of $519 million? This paper will discuss the purpose of the FCPA, what Teva Pharmaceuticals did to receive a fine, and what we can learn from their mistake. The purpose of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) is to prohibit bribery by any company or person who does business in the United States. This includes not only United States citizens, but also foreign executives and businesses that have operations in the United States. While the act is imposed on businesses that have dealings in the Unites States, the FCPA was especially designed to prohibit bribery in countries outside the United States. The United States doesnt want its companies or people to use bribery as a form of persuasion abroad-whether legal or illegal. By allowing companies to give bribes, this would give these companies an unfair advantage over their competition and give a bad representation for United States. Even if the bribe is typical business conduct in another country, the government will impose harsh fines for those who violate this act. Over the last few years, Teva Pharmaceuticals, specifically Teva Russia and Teva Mexico (Fully owned subsidiaries of Teva Pharmaceuticals) have been bribing foreign officials in order for them to buy more of their drug named Copaxone[3]. While nothing was wrong with this drug from a scientific aspect, Teva was implementing many different measures to increase revenue for the company. Keisha Hall, a former employee and director of finance for the Latin American division, filed a lawsuit stating that, Tevas unethical practices included unauthorized payments to doctors in Chile, bribes to physicians working in regional hospitals, and low inventory controls in Mexico[4]. In another report coming from Ukraine, Teva à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦provided various things of value to a Ukrainian Official to induce him to use his official position within the Ukrainian government to improperly influence the registration of Teva pharmaceutical products in Ukraine. The DOJ investigation revealed emails that explained how TEVA would pay these government officials with money from the incredibly high margins their drugs were being sold for in exchange for influencing the Russian government to purchase this drug through Teva. Teva subsequently entered a plea deal to cooperate with DOJ and SEC. However, because Teva failed to voluntarily self-disclose the FCPA violations to the Fraud Section the fine was not discounted. Teva claims it has since redone its corporate governance program, ceased relationships with fraudulent 3rd parties, and removing any necessary employees[5]. They have also boosted their internal control procedures. Teva Pharmaceuticals disobeyed the law and reaped over $214 million in excess illicit profits by paying government officials around $60 million in kickbacks[6]. While some may argue they were just trying to increase revenue and werent harming anyone, they manipulated the market and broke the law. A fine that is roughly double what they made in illicit profits now seems reasonable. Teva Pharmaceuticals has received pretty negative press and the stock price reflects consumer sentiment. Since 2015, the stock has fallen from $70 per share to $33 per share. While bribing may seem like a quick way to generate extra revenue, the downside outweighs any benefit. As the government continues to give out these large fines, hopefully corporate America will start to act more ethical. [1] https://www.verywell.com/the-top-7-generic-drug-companies-2663110 [2] http://fcpaprofessor.com/depth-519-million-teva-fcpa-enforcement-action/ [3] http://fcpaprofessor.com/depth-519-million-teva-fcpa-enforcement-action/ [4] http://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/teva-sets-aside-520m-to-settle-bribery-investigations-by-doj-sec [5] https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-12-22/teva-agrees-to-pay-519-billion-to-settle-u-s-bribery-probe [6] http://www.marketwatch.com/story/sec-doj-fine-teva-pharmaceutical-519-million-to-settle-foreign-bribery-charges-2016-12-22

Slavery and The Corruption of Southern Belles in The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas :: essays research papers

â€Å"But alas! This is kind heart but had but a short time remain such. The fatal poison of irresponsible power was already in her hands, and soon commenced its infernal work. That cheerful eye, under the influences of slavery, soon became red with rage, that voice, made all of sweet accord, changed to one of harsh and horrid discord, and that angelic face gave place to that of a demon.† (Douglas 19) This is how Frederick Douglas describes the change in his former mistress, Sophia Auld, as slavery corrupted her whole way of life. From this excerpt we can see that people can change profoundly for the negative. The question is what could possess one to change so radically when given power over another human being. Prior to the mistress’ change, Frederick Douglas, author of The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas (1995) describes her as â€Å"a woman of the kindest heart and finest feelings.† (19) This brings us to one of Douglas’ motifs of how slavery can carry a fatal poison that if one possess’ can change their outsight to life. This poison affects some people more then others. For example, if one compares all of Douglas’ slave owners, it is easy to see that those born into a slave holding family are less likely to become as cruel as those marrying into that way of life. Auld did not convert to an evil lifestyle overnight, in fact, she was the key to Frederick Douglas’ education. Auld was a religious woman and often read from the bible aloud, when little Douglas asked her to teach him to read she did not object. After some time Douglas had learned the alphabet and a few short words but soon all that would end when Mr. Auld discovered the unlawful lessons taking place in his house. Furious, Mr. Auld forbade his wife to teach Douglas anymore on account of believing that learning â€Å"would make him [Douglas] discontented, unmanageable, and unhappy.† (20) From then on instead of seeing Douglas as a person Sophia Auld saw him as a piece of property, Was it Mrs. Auld that changed herself or was it the pressure from her husband to learn the slaveholding techniques? It’s possible that she was afraid of her husband to the point where she was scared to disobey him, yet it was not her fault that she was not aware of the laws against the teaching of slaves.

The Principle

Legal moralism has been a principle that prohibits people from acting or engaging in things which are detrimental to the society with the use of laws and its enforcements. This includes laws which prohibit certain actions that can lead to several problems that may affect the whole social fabric. Such laws include those that prohibit the use of illegal drugs, prostitution and abortion. This actions or engagement in this type of acts may most likely affect the citizens in a rather negative matter that could destroy not only the participating individual’s life but also the lives of the people around him. In line with this principle is a principle that shall limit a person’s liberty through the use of customary rules prescribed by the society in which the person lives. It differs from the principle of legal moralism in the sense of â€Å"formality†. Restriction of Liberty While legal moralism is concerned about constitutional laws, this principle is more likely inclined to the limiting effect of customary moral rules which are more effective than legal laws. This principle shall from this point onwards be referred to as customary moralism principle. This type of principle acts in the same manner that legal moralism does. However, as stated above, traditional moralism is more effective than legal moralism. Its effectiveness lies on the way that it has been formulated. Compare and Contrast Unlike most legal laws which determines the right and wrong inscribed as laws of the society, customary rules and traditions determines the right and wrong principles which lies in the culture of a society. These rules have been tested through time and generation by the whole society. This is the reason why these laws are easier to understand. People find it efficient since it was directed and made through the use of actual and practical experiences. Unlike legal laws which are mostly hypothetical and less pragmatic. Legal laws are made by an assembly of men that shall represent the whole society in a conference or convention. Customary rules are prescribed mostly by elders, who have more experience than the present generation. Since these rules are based and may differ in experience, they are not implemented in the society in a forceful manner. Instead, society shall pick what rules are still beneficial and applicable in the situation. Thus, customary rules undergo practicality checks, every time the rules are being implemented or are being followed. Society: Laws versus Tradition It evolves with the society. It represents the society. People are more inclined to follow this principle not because of its force but because of customs and traditions. For instance, the introduction and the success of organizations such as the Cosa Nostra which is more popularly known as Mafia, prevails even after there have been several legal precautions and actions taken. The Mafia is an organization which is generally against the fascist regime that dominates the Italian region. Since it is an organization, it has several guiding principles and rules that enable the group to grow and survive. Accordingly, the Mafia acts as a second government in areas such as Sicily. The rules that were constructed or enforced by the Mafia are followed more religiously than the laws enforced by the government. Omerta, a favorite law in Mafia is the law of absolute silence that denotes an individual could not say anything that would expose the Mafia. Even, if it means that they could be incarcerated, tortured or even convicted, it was believed that the Sicilians would not tell a word or would deny anything he knows. Legitimate Traditional   Actions Actions which this principle might consider as legitimate are mainly actions which are traditionally been accepted by the general public that were made legal. In some country, prostitution is legal since it has been traditional. In the Netherlands, the use of â€Å"marijuana† is legalized. There are also some countries that legalize abortion if the fetus is not more than three months. These types of prohibitions by the law rooted from certain traditional beliefs and customs of the people. Traditional moral principles which have legal counterparts could be interfered by the law. However, there are certain traditional beliefs such as burning of animals for sacrifices wherein authority and law has no right to intervene. Commonly, traditional rules which are considered as legitimate are those which promotes the welfare of the society. This are the societal norms which are approved by the government and are thus legalize. Thus, the legitimacy of any traditional action depends on which government or country an action was made. Traditional Moralism versus Harm Principle and Paternalism Traditional also to fraternities are hazing ceremonials and rumbles. If Traditional moralism would be used, this type of action would be normal. However, of course, this would create problems in the legal realm. In such case this kind of actions shall be controlled by the proper authorities such that this would not cause death or other mass violence. This action would either fall in the harm principle or paternalism. It falls in the harm principle since it must be controlled or even not permitted if it induces harm to other people. It falls under paternal principle because there are laws which prohibit fraternity violence in able to protect the members of the fraternity from injuries by refusing to recognize fraternities who are recorded to conduct delinquently. While legal moralism is against actions such as gambling and prostitution, traditional moralism permits them. In this regard, traditional moralism could be seen to fall under the harm principle. Traditional moralism could also fall under paternalism in the sense that it is a guide for action through rules set by the majority of the society in able to control certain actions that would negatively affect the society. Defense of Traditional Moralism I believe that traditional moralism could effectively restrict freedom in able to promote the welfare of a society since it is constructed through convention by the society. It is more likely to be more effective since it commonly involves the norm within the society. Although this might create several factions in the society that might create their own traditions and customs, this kind of interferences might not be able to make it through the main stream culture. Failing to do so, these actions would be considered as deviant by the society in which their actions are not permitted. Traditional Moralism can also be viewed as a principle that acknowledge and encourage liberty, more than restricts it. This is not arguable and may in fact be true, more likely when the legal rules is composed of laws which is not suitable and is not agreeable with the society. Such as laws which are imposed only by the government or by another government in a particular country. This could best be demonstrated on colonized countries or in war-stricken country such as Iraq. The laws that the American government may not be suitable or efficient in the society such as in Iraq; in such case traditional moralism would be more beneficial and applicable than legal moralism. Reference Leighton, P. (2007). Paternalism and Legal Moralism. Retrieved on November 14, 2007. Retrieved from: http://www.paulsjusticepage.com/cjethics/2-limitsoflaw/harmprinciple.htm

Accounting and financial history Essay

Accounting and financial history Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many people have spent their entire lives doing research on the development of accounting and also the financial history. Economic sector is the stronghold of every country and that is why the research has been taken seriously. Accounting has taken different phases in its development and each phase have a significant meaning to the todays accounting process. The development has been influenced greatly by major economic, political and social events that affected the world in the past centuries. Different periods have also influenced the development of accounting, business and financial history. Every event that has been happening in the world has led accounting to another level in terms of development. Some of the events were negative while some were positive but they all influenced the development of accounting positively and that is what people enjoy accounting in the current time. Accounting and financial history is interconnected with e vents and periods and thus one cannot separate the two while studying this history. Different countries have different accounting history although there are some international events that had influenced more than one country and that means that they have the same accounting and financial history. The object of the paper is to discuss an event on accounting, business or financial history and its relevance for today. See more: Foot Binding In China essay Recognition and development of accounting as a profession in United States (1900-1920)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In early 1895, there were many companies and corporations in the United States industry and they were both big and small. The market could not accommodate the big numbers of the corporations and companies and thus the only solution to this problem was to merge them in order to regulate their number. This process eventually happened form 1895 to 1900 where many companies merged and formed few big companies. A good example is the tube company which was formed after merging many companies that were producing tubes. The many tubes companies formed one large company which had a lot of operations in it and that is where the issue of accounting got involved (Charles, 1992 p.2).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While the companies were small, they were calculating their financial results manually without any level of professionalism. However, the process of merging those companies and corporations made the companies and corporations to have a lot of operations and they needed a professional system of accounting. They were in need of more auditors to work on the financial operations in those companies because the financial status of the companies had gone up and they could no longer depend on the manual or outdated methods of accounting. Some companies that were merging were from diverse locations and thus they were forced to open some branches where they could manage all the accounting processes and auditing of all financial statements for all the companies that were merging (Stephan, 2003 p. 200). Also the number of auditors was increased while some auditors operated on mobile bases, they could move from one company to another because the demand was very high.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another change that occurred in accounting due to the merging of companies was the effect of the third party in the accounting operations. Some companies that had merged had holdings companies while others were under the control of banks. The introduction of the third party meant that there was another party which would be interested in the financial records of a company (Christopher, 2009 p. 40). Banks would send their auditor to calculate the financial records of the company under control and thus the accounting system in the company was improved in order to improve accuracy. Involvement of another party meant that there was more work in the accounting and it required a high level of professionalism, and that took the accounting system to another level. Some companies would elect other companies as holding and they were responsible of auditing the financial records of the company because they were stakeholders of the company. In 1909, th e congress passed a law that abolished the income tax but it introduced franchise tax. Franchise tax law required companies to pay their income tax to the government; this meant that they were supposed to present their annual financial statements to the government. They were forced to calculate their expenses and their income in order to come up with the right amount which would be taxed. This regulation required the company to have a complex and well-established accounting system. The auditor’s from the governments were also required to calculate and evaluate the financial statements of those companies in order to ensure that they were true. This event took accounting to another level of professionalism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After the introduction of franchise tax, there were no oppositions from the company owners because the tax had very low rate. The congress saw it as a success on their side and that is where they introduced a direct tax in 1913, this tax had higher rate than the franchise but it did not make an impact on organization and thus it was appropriate to companies. In this decade is where the First World War was fought, this war had a massive impact on the financial status of United States and thus they decided to raise the tax rate of companies. The new tax rates that were introduced by the congress required companies to give their excess profits to the tax unit. To determine the excess profits of a company required a more professional accounting system. The government would carry out the accounting processes but the companies would also use their auditors to evaluate their financial statements for transparency and accuracy in accounting. The ar ticle gives a clear history of the two decades that marked the recognition and the growth of accounting in United States (Frost, 1994 p. 75).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The events that happened shaped the accounting system of the United States, the current accounting system is out of those events and the way they influenced the accounting system. Currently, companies have a complex accounting system which ensures accurate financial statements of those companies. The historical event introduced an idea where a company had more than one auditor and that is what is there currently in companies. Companies especially the larger ones or the ones that merge employ more than one auditor, this is because they have many financial operations and there are more government’s regulations that require financial records of every company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Companies currently are operating on diversified bases and thus they have inherited an accounting system where they have established accounting branches in different places. These branches are there for the purpose of accounting only. This idea was inherited form the historical event of accounting in United States. The branches are conducted by professional auditors from the high level accounts schools that were introduced in United States. However, there are some branches of accounting that are introduced by private agencies and thus they are not owned by any company. Some companies which do not have auditors or they figure employing auditors to be expensive than hiring, they prefer taking their financial statements to the accounting branches. Other companies prefer to employ private auditors to do their accounting operations. The decisions of these companies are influenced by the history of accounting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Banks have been involved more on accounting operations in a greater way because of the influence during the 1900 to 1920 era. Banks have their auditors; this is because banks and companies have become one entity. Companies currently cannot operate without the assistance of banks. Companies require financial assistance and also accounting and financial advice from banks and in order to receive all that, banks must assess the financial status of the company and this is done through accounting process. This concept of accounting has helped many companies avoid serious financial problems but the original idea was from the 1900 to 1920 merging event. Government has also been influenced by this event where the tax system that was put in action during that time is still the same even today although some terms have been changed. The tax Unit in United States have established an auditors unit that is concerned with assessment of financial records o f different companies in order to evaluate the tax rates and the financial stands of different companies. The whole concept of government involvement with the financial issues of companies is as a result of the 1913 events of company taxations. Currently, government has the responsibility of annual assessment of all companies’ financial records in order to determine the taxation criteria to use (Maher, 2001 p. 300). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, accounting history of United States was greatly influenced by the political, social and economic situations in the country during the 1900 to 1920 era. The decision of companies to merge was the first step which marked professional recognition of accounting in United States, the issue of taxation during the same period marked the growth of accounting as profession in America. The two economic and political events influenced the current accounting system in a great way; the foundation of accounting system in United States was laid down by the two events that happened in 1900 and 1920. More research is being carried on to explore more on the accounting history in different countries. Reference Stephen A. Zeff. (2003). accounting profession in US: a review Article. Contemporary Accounting Research, 2(1), 189-205. doi:10.1111/j.1911-3846.1985.tb00607. Charles W. Wootton & Carel M. Wolk. (1992). Development of â€Å"the big eight† accounting firms in the United States, 1900-1990.: a Review Article. Accounting And Business Research, 9(36), 2. doi:10.1080/00014788.1979.9729170 Christopher J. Napier. (2009) Accounting Historiography: A Review Article. Journal Of Accounting Research, 1(2), 30-49. doi:10.2307/2489857 Frost, C., & Pownall, G. (1994). Accounting Disclosure Practices in the United States and the United Kingdom. Journal Of Accounting Research, 32(1), 75. doi:10.2307/2491388 Maher, M. (2001). The Evolution of Management Accounting Research in the United States. The British Accounting Review, 33(3), 293-305. doi:10.1006/bare.2001.0170 Links http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCIQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruf.rice.edu%2F~sazeff%2FPDF%2FHorizons%2C%2520Part%2520I%2520%2528print%2529.pdf&ei=c53DVIq3HYOeygOhqoC4BQ&usg=AFQjCNHK0-fuRjxIaFx_Fhcm2irkeq0npg&sig2=Hbe-1XbRhXAfEQ1x7J7YEQ&bvm=bv.84349003,d.bGQhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CDYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fpure.rhul.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Ffiles%2F9726813%2FNapier_Accounting_Historiography_Chapter_Final_Version.docx&ei=nZ3DVKCoM8fnywOW4oCQBQ&usg=AFQjCNF2TMA5Taow8bGh8IloT-akHFw_4w&sig2=YTqKJ_Jlv6iLFqsJYzkMjA&bvm=bv.84349003,d.bGQhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CB8QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fclio.lib.olemiss.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Faah%2Fid%2F11128&ei=hJ7DVLHeOsGrU-SUhMAI&usg=AFQjCNGrQQW06W5SPOdjzoGajkftCRYMZQ&sig2=A3u6u9KN-zhmqfg2LH7ARA&bvm=bv.84349003,d.d24 Source document

Plato’s Perspectives on Society, Organization and Leadership Essay

Main views about society Plato wrote in his book called the Republic. The Republic was written around 380 (BC). In this book Plato tries to define justice, right order and character of the just city and the just man. In the Republic different philosophers like Socrates try to argue, what is the meaning of justice. They also discuss if a just man is happier than an unjust man, if they are ruled by just philosopher kings. (Brickhouse, Thomas & Smith, Nicholas, 2010) Plato view, that a just city has to be ruled by these philosopher kings. Plato believed in an aristocratic system of ruling, not the democratic way of ruling. The kings have to be educated by philosophers, so that they would be like philosophers. Or philosophers should be elected as rulers. Anyhow he did not like some much about democracy and little educated leaders. (Brickhouse, Thomas & Smith, Nicholas, 2010) Plato thinks that there are many dangers in the democracy. People do not always choose the wisest persons at the elections. Sometimes they choose those, who can speak nicely. The knowledge is not the main criteria for choosing people at the democracy, but Plato thinks that those who know should be elected as rulers. (Saarinen 1985, p.43) Plato was pessimistic about people. According to him common people were bad and acted normally irrationally. People lived according to their selfish desires and bad beliefs. People did not follow the laws by their hearts, but because they were afraid of punishment. (Plato 360 BC, p.45) According to Plato people could not live alone. They needed each other. Plato said, that it is good for people to live in communities, by this way people can exchange products. (Plato 360 BC, p.75) Plato believes that the society has to be well ordered, this will lead into good moral in the society. Fine social order and education will educate good people. These good people, who are well educated, will be better than their parents (People living before them.). (Plato 360 BC, p.117, 353, 380) Plato thinks that a human soul and society have similarities. They both have same particles. Parts of the soul are like social classes in the society. If these parts / social classes are in harmony, there will be justice. There are three different classes in the society: Productive, protective and governing class. Productive class is workers: farmers, blacksmiths, carpenters, ranchers, etc. Part of the soul for these people is appetite. Second class is protective class. These people are warriors and guardians. They are strong and courageous. Part of the soul for these people is the spirit. Third class is the governing. These people are rulers or philosopher kings. They are rational, wise, self-controlled. These people can make good decisions for the society. These people are like the reason part of the soul. These people are very few. (Saarinen 1985, p.42-43) Plato already saw corruption in the society. He said that it is needed rule of law to prevent corruption. The government and guardians have to really guard the society that the order and rule of law can exist. (Plato 360 BC, p.141) Love of wisdom should be one of main values of the society. (Plato 360 BC, p.397) There should be order, not anarchy, in the society. If there is order children can orderly live with their parents and they can learn from their parents. In the same way masters can learn from their scholars. There should be some fear between son and a father and pupil and a teacher. This fear keeps the order. (Plato 360 BC, p.328-329) Plato’s Perspectives on Organization Plato thought that there are three classes in the society, which should have a good co-operation and they should live in a harmony. According to Plato’s views organization has three different groups (classes). Somebody might also think that these groups (classes) have strict borderlines. This means that it is difficult to step from one group to another group. It is difficult to go over lines to another class at the organization. Plato sees an organization as an entity, which should be in harmony with its parts. Many modern organizational theoreticians have followed Plato, when they stress the unitary and well balanced nature of modern complex organizations. (Takala 1998, p.797) Plato thinks about the greatest evil and the greatest good at an organization. In His views evil is discord and distraction. On the other hand good is unity. There has to be unity in the organization, all the members should have common experiences (pleasures etc.). (Plato 360 BC, p.198) Justice is important thing for every organization. In the organization order brings justice and the organization has to keep the justice. (Plato 360 BC, p.6) If there is injustice in the organization, it will lead into quarrels and fights, people will become each other’s enemies. Injustice will disturb the organization’s basis for human co-operation. (Plato 360 BC, p.53-54) Obedience is an important factor at the organization. Workers should obey their masters. Everybody should live under clear hierarchy and follow the orders given by those, who are over them. (Plato 360 BC, p.36, 192, 297) Plato’s Perspectives on Leadership Plato thinks, that ruler has to be philosopher. This means, that only philosophers can be good rulers. In this way main character of a leader is his/her philosophical capacity. Leader (ruler) has to know the real being and leader (ruler) has to distinguish belief from the real knowledge. This is the highest virtue for a leader: To separate beliefs and real facts. (Saarinen 1985, p. 44) Plato thinks, that leader should love the truth. He teaches that a leader is like a captain and his ship or a doctor and his medicine. These professions (doctor, captain) cannot be practised by everyone by nature. So to be a leader is not by nature, leaders should be educated. Plato thinks that one of the main tasks for the education system is to produce these philosopher kings. (Plato 360 BC, p.233) Plato thinks that a leader has to be a just person. The stronger (leader) cannot abuse his power over the weaker. The leader has to be just and there has to be justice in the society. Leader guides this social order, so that society can live in harmony. Leader guides citizens (class of citizens) to carry out tasks for which they are suited and not interfering with the work of others. (Takala 1998, p.791) Plato sees leadership as an important part of a functioning society. He thinks that leadership is an educational catalyst in the society. Plato thinks that leader has got two important tasks: to control the implementation of education and to control the propagation of thoughts. Plato sees this controlling as an essential function in the society, that’s why the controllers must be philosophers. (Takala 1998, p.790-791) According to Plato education is needed to produce good philosopher leaders. Education leaves its mark on leaders. On the other hand education makes division between leaders and other people. Platonic education gives wisdom and mystical skills (real knowledge) to the leaders. (Takala 1998, p.792) Plato sees leadership as a duty of a philosopher. The essential thing is the true knowledge, if somebody has got the knowledge he can be the leader. The philosopher has got knowledge and he can rule. And the man, who is not philosophical, has got only a true beliefs or opinions. This corresponds that he cannot be the leader. (Takala 1998, p.792) In Plato’s thinking there is the concept of the leadership of meaning. The leader has to create meaning, he has to sustain it and sometimes it has to be changed. In this way leadership can be seen as a social process. This social process includes all those means by which leadership creates new meanings by rituals, symbolizing and â€Å"naming†. The attributes of a powerful leader is also in the Plato’s thinking. One attribute in Plato’s thinking is the charisma, which is said to be widely discussed in modern leadership theories. A leader must have charisma in order to be successful in his actions. Without it the leader is not able to do his job, to lead some complex organization. (Takala 1998, p.797) References http://www.springerlink.com/content/u348q477q0583068/fulltext.pdf

Rhetorical analysis assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rhetorical analysis assignment - Essay Example For experienced practitioners of trauma care, this serves to refresh their learning while also introducing them to new developments and terminologies. For new students, it presents the direction in which trauma management has been moving over the last few years. Hence, it serves the learning needs of both contingencies and conception of the Transition Series has to be credited for this. It is quite obvious from the title of the article that the predominant audience for it would be EMT personnel. More broadly, it is of interest to all healthcare professionals including physicians, nurses, lab assistants, medical researchers, hospital administrators, etc. The background knowledge expected of the audience is quite minimal. Written in accessible English, the subject matter is easy to understand for even the lay readers. And where esoteric terms do arise, the authors make sure that the meaning is disambiguated. And since no complex scientific theories or complicated logical deductions are presented therein the reasoning ability required of the audience is barely beyond commonsense. The article is very informative. Part 1 of the series, which pertains to Assessment of the Trauma Patient, contains condensed information while also covering all facets of the assessment process. Fitting with the somber nature of the subject, the authors do not add humor or pun in their write-up. Moreover, since there is no need for using a persuasive/argumentative style for this type of content, the authors have shied away from employing it. The article, by virtue of elaborating on the trauma care process and giving reasons for the protocol to be followed by EMTs, belongs to the technical writing/educational instruction genre. Indeed, the final product is an exemplary piece of instructional design. It could also be classified under the ‘reference’ genre, for it neatly and compactly encapsulates mandatory procedures for EMTs to follow. Consistent with the ethos of technical/e ducational writing, the tone is one of objectivity, balance and sobriety. There is little room for expression of impassioned opinions or emotional reactions in the article. As a result the tone comes across as pedantic at places, but it is acceptable. The authors try to avoid esoteric terms and concepts as this could put-off new students to the subject. And where such usage becomes necessary, they provide sufficient contextual information. The employment of charts and tables with suitable relief coloring enhances the reading experience. The insertion of complementing photographs adjacent to the text enhances the reading experience and helps the audience to retain content for longer. The usage of second person narrative at places makes it easy for readers to get into the content. This technique not only directly involves the reader into the narrative, but also ensures that the theatrical and chaotic atmosphere of the emergency care unit is captured. For example, the following passage illustrates the point: â€Å"Your trauma patient is unstable. En route to the hospital, he begins bleeding into his airway. You are unable to reassess the patient after 5 minutes because you are performing suction almost constantly. You are concerned because your run report will not contain a second set of vital signs. What should you do ______?†

Policies towards Achieving Macroeconomic Stability Term Paper

Policies towards Achieving Macroeconomic Stability - Term Paper Example John Maynard Keynes set a good underpinning for government economic decision that has since then be improved by the post-Keynesian economists, through both support and critic of Keynes ideas. It’s on the basis of these foundations that the government sets policies aimed at attaining long run macro-economic policies. Keynesians approach towards stability In establishing a long term s macroeconomic stability, it deems necessary to first understand what causes instability in the economy. Both monetarist and Keynesian economist agree that the world at times suffers from macroeconomic instability as shown by great recessions and booms. However the two economic thoughts differ on the cause and thus advocate for different approaches towards stability. Keynes study was based on aggregate demand and argued that the changes in the components of demand altered the equilibrium (Beetsma 2004). To the Keynesian economists aggregate demand is identical to output levels that can be measured i n terms of the Gross Domestic product (GDP). The components of demand are, consumption, investment, export surplus and government expenditure modeled as (GDP =C + I+ X + G= AD). Keynesian economics agreed that these demand components always fluctuate and thus the GDP can never be stable. This formed the main critic of self-adjusting mechanism as brought about the classical economists, with Keynesian economists arguing that investment was influenced by marginal efficiency of capital in addition to interest rates. Thus some savings are not invested as some individuals hoard cash balances if they speculate a rise in capital returns. Another cause of instability as observed by the Keynesian economists are fluctuations of the supply side, where output levels can be altered by artificial supply restrictions, wars, changes in cost of production all which reduce the output levels. All the alterations of the equilibrium call for correction measures, with which Keynesian economist suggest the opposite adjustment of either the government expenditure or consumption component. They thus advocate for discretionary fiscal policy where government expenditure is adjusted or alteration of taxes to reduce or increase overall consumption levels. The Keynesian economists argue that money velocity is unstable and unpredictable in nature and thus disregard monetary policies effectiveness in adjusting in equalizing aggregate demand changes. Moreover, due to frequently changing components of demand; Keynesian economists contempt annual budget adjustments and advocate for discretionary fiscal policies that instantly combat recessions and inflation despite causing surplus or deficit budget. In times of economic recession, when supply is more than demand hence causing reduction in commodity prices, demand has to be created. This is achieved by either reducing taxes or increasing government expenditure. Taxes are seen to reduce disposable income, readily available for consumption. A reduc tion in taxes increases disposable income and hence increases aggregate consumption. Government consumption on the other hand creates demand for the excess supply. In times of inflation the opposite is applied, that is increased taxes to reduce disposa

Gender differences and Job Satisfaction Research Paper

Gender differences and Job Satisfaction - Research Paper Example Although subjective variable on gender difference and job satisfaction are of traditional interest to sociology and psychology researchers, many of the existing studies analyzing gender have been conducted in the field of economics for example Asadullah and Fernà ¡ndez, 2007; Sloane and Williams, 2000). There has been an increase in research especially in the field of management targeting gender differences affect job satisfaction among employees in different occupations. A key area of interest has been why women report almost equal or higher levels of job satisfaction when studies have shown they generally occupy inferior job positions compared to those occupied by men. Consequently, this scenario has led to investigations to find out how job satisfaction of female employees compares with that of male employees and what possible explanations accounts for the existing gender differences in job satisfaction. Therefore, the paper will rely on a number of empirical researches that inve stigate gender differences and job satisfaction to find out how two interact in the workplace. Investigation of gender differences and job satisfaction present conflicting results given the various areas that needs to be considered during such investigations. de Galdeano (2002) provides important insights that shows the difference that might exist in the job satisfaction of female and male employees are not related to their differences in observable characteristics nor can it the difference be attributed to a problem of sample selection. This is done by apply the propensity score which has been used by researchers such Tabellini and Trebbi (2001) to further the accuracy of their results. de Galdeano (2002) examines sample selectivity based on the belief that if female employees were dissatisfied by their working conditions they would find it equally easy to leave their employment just as their male counterparts whereby those who remain will have higher job